scholarly journals Diet influences early microbiota development in dairy calves without long-term impacts on milk production

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Dill-McFarland ◽  
Paul J. Weimer ◽  
Jacob D. Breaker ◽  
Garret Suen
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Improve Production ◽  
Developing Communities ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Lactation Cycle

ABSTRACTGastrointestinal tract (GIT) microorganisms play important roles in the health of ruminant livestock and impact production of agriculturally relevant products, including milk and meat. Despite this link, interventions to alter the adult microbiota to improve production have proven ineffective as established microbial communities are resilient to change. In contrast, developing communities in young animals may be more easily altered but are less well-studied. Here, we measured the GIT-associated microbiota of 45 Holstein dairy cows from 2 weeks to first lactation using Illumina amplicon sequencing of bacterial (V4 16S), archaeal (V6-8 16S), and fungal (ITS1) communities. Fecal and rumen microbiota were correlated to growth and milk production of animals raised on calf starter grains and/or corn silage to determine if early-life diet has long-term impacts. Significant diet-associated differences in total microbial communities and specific taxa were observed by weaning (8 weeks), but all animals reached an adult-like composition between weaning and 1-year. While some calf diet-driven differences were apparent in the microbiota of adult cows, these dissimilarities did not correlate with animal growth or milk production. This suggests that initial microbial community establishment is impacted by early-life diet, but post-weaning factors have a greater influence on adult communities and production outcomes.SIGNIFICANCEThe gut microbiota is essential to the survival of many organisms, including ruminants that rely on microorganisms for nutrient acquisition from dietary inputs toward the production of products like milk and meat. While alteration of the adult ruminant microbiota to improve production is possible, changes are often unstable and fail to persist. In contrast, the early-life microbiota may be more amenable to sustained modification; however, few studies have determined the impacts of early-life interventions on downstream production. Here, we investigated the impacts of agriculturally relevant calf diets, including calf starter and corn silage, on gut microbial communities, animal growth, and production through the first lactation cycle. Thus, this work serves to further our understanding of early-life microbiota acquisition as well as informs future practices in livestock management.

scholarly journals Diet Influences Early Microbiota Development in Dairy Calves without Long-Term Impacts on Milk Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Dill-McFarland ◽  
Paul J. Weimer ◽  
Jacob D. Breaker ◽  
Garret Suen
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Improve Production ◽  
Lactation Cycle ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microorganisms play important roles in the health of ruminant livestock and affect the production of agriculturally relevant products, including milk and meat. Despite this link, interventions to alter the adult microbiota to improve production have proven ineffective, as established microbial communities are resilient to change. In contrast, developing communities in young animals may be more easily altered but are less well studied. Here, we measured the GIT-associated microbiota of 45 Holstein dairy cows from 2 weeks to the first lactation cycle, using Illumina amplicon sequencing of bacterial (16S rRNA V4), archaeal (16S rRNA V6 to V8), and fungal (internal transcribed region 1 [ITS1]) communities. Fecal and ruminal microbiota of cows raised on calf starter grains and/or corn silage were correlated to lifetime growth as well as milk production during the first lactation cycle, in order to determine whether early-life diets have long-term impacts. Significant diet-associated differences in total microbial communities and specific taxa were observed by weaning (8 weeks), but all animals reached an adult-like composition between weaning and 1 year. While some calf-diet-driven differences were apparent in the microbiota of adult cows, these dissimilarities did not correlate with animal growth or milk production. This finding suggests that initial microbial community establishment is affected by early-life diet but postweaning factors have a greater influence on adult communities and production outcomes. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota is essential for the survival of many organisms, including ruminants that rely on microorganisms for nutrient acquisition from dietary inputs for the production of products such as milk and meat. While alteration of the adult ruminant microbiota to improve production is possible, changes are often unstable and fail to persist. In contrast, the early-life microbiota may be more amenable to sustained modification. However, few studies have determined the impact of early-life interventions on downstream production. Here, we investigated the impact of agriculturally relevant calf diets, including calf starter and corn silage, on gut microbial communities, growth, and production through the first lactation cycle. Thus, this work serves to further our understanding of early-life microbiota acquisition, as well as informing future practices in livestock management.

scholarly journals Shaping of the Present-Day Deep Biosphere at Chicxulub by the Impact Catastrophe That Ended the Cretaceous

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Cockell ◽  
Bettina Schaefer ◽  
Cornelia Wuchter ◽  
Marco J. L. Coolen ◽  
Kliti Grice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Deep Biosphere ◽  
Deep Subsurface ◽  
Cell Biomass ◽  
Colonization Potential ◽  
The Impact

We report on the effect of the end-Cretaceous impact event on the present-day deep microbial biosphere at the impact site. IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 drilled into the peak ring of the Chicxulub crater, México, allowing us to investigate the microbial communities within this structure. Increased cell biomass was found in the impact suevite, which was deposited within the first few hours of the Cenozoic, demonstrating that the impact produced a new lithological horizon that caused a long-term improvement in deep subsurface colonization potential. In the biologically impoverished granitic rocks, we observed increased cell abundances at impact-induced geological interfaces, that can be attributed to the nutritionally diverse substrates and/or elevated fluid flow. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed taxonomically distinct microbial communities in each crater lithology. These observations show that the impact caused geological deformation that continues to shape the deep subsurface biosphere at Chicxulub in the present day.

scholarly journals Early-Life Adversity Leaves Its Imprint on the Oral Microbiome for More Than 20 Years and Is Associated with Long-Term Immune Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12682
Author(s):  
Eleftheria G. Charalambous ◽  
Sophie B. Mériaux ◽  
Pauline Guebels ◽  
Claude P. Muller ◽  
Fleur A. D. Leenen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Early Environment ◽  
Health Trajectories ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Immune Changes

The early-life microbiome (ELM) interacts with the psychosocial environment, in particular during early-life adversity (ELA), defining life-long health trajectories. The ELM also plays a significant role in the maturation of the immune system. We hypothesised that, in this context, the resilience of the oral microbiomes, despite being composed of diverse and distinct communities, allows them to retain an imprint of the early environment. Using 16S amplicon sequencing on the EpiPath cohort, we demonstrate that ELA leaves an imprint on both the salivary and buccal oral microbiome 24 years after exposure to adversity. Furthermore, the changes in both communities were associated with increased activation, maturation, and senescence of both innate and adaptive immune cells, although the interaction was partly dependent on prior herpesviridae exposure and current smoking. Our data suggest the presence of multiple links between ELA, Immunosenescence, and cytotoxicity that occur through long-term changes in the microbiome.

scholarly journals Breast Development and Control of Milk Synthesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Hartmann ◽  
Robyn A. Owens ◽  
David B. Cox ◽  
Jacqueline C. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Breast Volume ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Lactation Cycle ◽  
And Control

We have developed a computerized breast measurement system that can quantitate both long-term (lactation cycle) and short-term (between breastfeedings) changes in breast volume. The increase in breast volume during pregnancy was not related to milk production at one month of lactation, whereas milk production from one to six months of lactation remained constant and was not controlled directly by the suckling-evoked secretion of prolactin. From the measurement of circadian changes in breast volume, it was concluded that infants rarely emptied the breasts at a single breastfeeding and that short-term variation in the rate of synthesis during the day and between the left and right breasts was closely related to the degree of breast fullness. Furthermore, differences between women in the storage capacity of the breasts dictated their flexibility in frequency of breastfeeding. These observations are consistent with the autocrine (local) control of milk synthesis during established lactation in women.

scholarly journals Rare Biosphere Archaea Assimilate Acetate in Precambrian Terrestrial Subsurface at 2.2 km Depth

Geosciences ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija Nuppunen-Puputti ◽  
Lotta Purkamo ◽  
Riikka Kietäväinen ◽  
Mari Nyyssönen ◽  
Merja Itävaara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
Deep Biosphere ◽  
Deep Subsurface ◽  
Rare Biosphere ◽  
Terrestrial Subsurface

The deep biosphere contains a large portion of the total microbial communities on Earth, but little is known about the carbon sources that support deep life. In this study, we used Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) and high throughput amplicon sequencing to identify the acetate assimilating microbial communities at 2260 m depth in the bedrock of Outokumpu, Finland. The long-term and short-term effects of acetate on the microbial communities were assessed by DNA-targeted SIP and RNA targeted cell activation. The microbial communities reacted within hours to the amended acetate. Archaeal taxa representing the rare biosphere at 2260 m depth were identified and linked to the cycling of acetate, and were shown to have an impact on the functions and activity of the microbial communities in general through small key carbon compounds. The major archaeal lineages identified to assimilate acetate and metabolites derived from the labelled acetate were Methanosarcina spp., Methanococcus spp., Methanolobus spp., and unclassified Methanosarcinaceae. These archaea have previously been detected in the Outokumpu deep subsurface as minor groups. Nevertheless, their involvement in the assimilation of acetate and secretion of metabolites derived from acetate indicated an important role in the supporting of the whole community in the deep subsurface, where carbon sources are limited.

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

scholarly journals Development of a time-series shotgun metagenomics database for monitoring microbial communities at the Pacific coast of Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazutoshi Yoshitake ◽  
Gaku Kimura ◽  
Tomoko Sakami ◽  
Tsuyoshi Watanabe ◽  
Yukiko Taniuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Pacific Coast Of Japan ◽  
Marine Microbial Communities

AbstractAlthough numerous metagenome, amplicon sequencing-based studies have been conducted to date to characterize marine microbial communities, relatively few have employed full metagenome shotgun sequencing to obtain a broader picture of the functional features of these marine microbial communities. Moreover, most of these studies only performed sporadic sampling, which is insufficient to understand an ecosystem comprehensively. In this study, we regularly conducted seawater sampling along the northeastern Pacific coast of Japan between March 2012 and May 2016. We collected 213 seawater samples and prepared size-based fractions to generate 454 subsets of samples for shotgun metagenome sequencing and analysis. We also determined the sequences of 16S rRNA (n = 111) and 18S rRNA (n = 47) gene amplicons from smaller sample subsets. We thereafter developed the Ocean Monitoring Database for time-series metagenomic data (http://marine-meta.healthscience.sci.waseda.ac.jp/omd/), which provides a three-dimensional bird’s-eye view of the data. This database includes results of digital DNA chip analysis, a novel method for estimating ocean characteristics such as water temperature from metagenomic data. Furthermore, we developed a novel classification method that includes more information about viruses than that acquired using BLAST. We further report the discovery of a large number of previously overlooked (TAG)n repeat sequences in the genomes of marine microbes. We predict that the availability of this time-series database will lead to major discoveries in marine microbiome research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document