scholarly journals Estimation the porosity of the valves of centric diatom Minidiscus vodyanitskiyi Lyakh & Bedoshvili using SEM images

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton M. Lyakh ◽  
Yekaterina D. Bedoshvili ◽  
Olga V. Shikhat
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Centric Diatom ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Diatom Valve ◽  
Outer Environment

AbstractThe diatoms interact with the outer environment through the siliceous walls of a frustule. Because of that the surface area of the frustule determines the ability of diatoms to absorb and excrete material resources. Such as unicellular organisms exchange matter only through the pores in their cell wall, to find relationships between characteristics of material fluxes and surface area of microorganism cover that is penetrable for substance, it is necessary to estimate the total surface area of pores or a porosity – relative area of pores perforated frustule. In the paper we describe a method of estimating the porosity of a diatom valve using SEM images. The method is tested on SEM images of the valves of centric diatom Minidiscus vodyanitskiyi recently described from the Sea of Azov. The results show that the valves porosity is less than 5 % of the total valves area. This value is consistent with the relative perforation of land plants leaves, which is less than 3%. We hypothesize that such value of diatom valves porosity is usual for many other diatom species. To verify this hypothesis additional researches are necessary.

scholarly journals NEW METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF THE RELATIVE AREA OF PERFORATIONS ON VALVES OF CENTRIC DIATOMS USING SEM IMAGES ON THE EXAMPLE OF MINIDISUS VODYANITSKIYI LYAKH ET BEDOSHVILI

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Anton M. Lyakh ◽  
Yekaterina D. Bedoshvili ◽  
Olga V. Shikhat
Keyword(s):  
Land Plants ◽  
New Method ◽  
Centric Diatom ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Centric Diatoms ◽  
Diatom Valve ◽  
Small Valve ◽  
Valve Area

The diatoms interact with the environment through the siliceous frustule. The total area of frustule perforations determines the ability of diatom to exchange nutrients, gases and other matters. The aim of the present study was to estimate the area of perforations on the valve surface of a centric diatom. In the paper we describe a method for the estimation of the area of perforations on a diatom valve using SEM images. The method is tested on valves of centric diatom Minidiscus vodyanitskiyi Lyakh et Bedoshvili. The results show that the total area of cribral pores is less than 5% of the total valve area. This value is consistent with the relative perforation of land plants leaves, which is less than 3%. We hypothesize that such small valve area occupied by perforations is usual for many other centric diatom species. To verify this hypothesis additional researches are necessary.

scholarly journals Hydrochloric Acid Modification and Lead Removal Studies on Naturally Occurring Zeolites from Nevada, New Mexico, and Arizona

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Garven M. Huntley ◽  
Rudy L. Luck ◽  
Michael E. Mullins ◽  
Nick K. Newberry
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Lead Removal ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
27Al Mas Nmr ◽  
Modified Zeolites

Four naturally occurring zeolites were examined to verify their assignments as chabazites AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na (Bowie, Arizona) and clinoptilolites NM-Ca (Winston, New Mexico) and NV-Na (Ash Meadows, Nevada). Based on powder X-ray diffraction, NM-Ca was discovered to be mostly quartz with some clinoptilolite residues. Treatment with concentrated HCl (12.1 M) acid resulted in AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na, the chabazite-like species, becoming amorphous, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. In contrast, NM-Ca and NV-Na, which are clinoptilolite-like species, withstood boiling in concentrated HCl acid. This treatment removes calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and iron atoms or ions from the framework while leaving the silicon framework intact as confirmed via X-ray fluorescence and diffraction. SEM images on calcined and HCl treated NV-Na were obtained. BET surface area analysis confirmed an increase in surface area for the two zeolites after treatment, NM-Ca 20.0(1) to 111(4) m2/g and NV-Na 19.0(4) to 158(7) m2/g. 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR were performed on the natural and treated NV-Na zeolite, and the data for the natural NV-Na zeolite suggested a Si:Al ratio of 4.33 similar to that determined by X-Ray fluorescence of 4.55. Removal of lead ions from solution decreased from the native NM-Ca, 0.27(14), NV-Na, 1.50(17) meq/g compared to the modified zeolites, 30 min HCl treated NM-Ca 0.06(9) and NV-Na, 0.41(23) meq/g, and also decreased upon K+ ion pretreatment in the HCl modified zeolites.

scholarly journals A Facile One-Pot Approach to the Synthesis of Gd-Eu Based Metal-Organic Frameworks and Applications to Sensing of Fe3+ and Cr2O72− Ions

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1679
Author(s):  
Roberta Puglisi ◽  
Anna L. Pellegrino ◽  
Roberto Fiorenza ◽  
Salvatore Scirè ◽  
Graziella Malandrino
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Gadolinium metal-organic frameworks (Gd-MOFs) and Eu-doped Gd-MOFs have been synthesized through a one-pot green approach using commercially available reagents. The 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2-BDC) and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H2-NDC) were chosen as ditopic organic linkers to build the 3D structure of the network. The Gd-MOFs were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The Gd-MOF structures were attributed comparing the XRD patterns, supported by the FT-IR spectra, with data reported in the literature for Ln-MOFs of similar lanthanide ionic radius. FE-SEM characterization points to the effect of the duration of the synthesis to a more crystalline and organized structure, with grain dimensions increasing upon increasing reaction time. The total surface area of the MOFs has been determined from the application of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. The study allowed us to correlate the processing conditions and ditopic linker dimension to the network surface area. Both Gd-MOF and Eu-doped Gd-MOF have been tested for sensing of the inorganic ions such as Fe3+ and Cr2O72−.

NSAM-derived total surface area versus SMPS-derived “mobility equivalent” surface area for different environmentally relevant aerosols

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megat-Azman Mokhtar ◽  
Rohan Jayaratne ◽  
Lidia Morawska ◽  
Mandana Mazaheri ◽  
Nic Surawski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Surface Area

scholarly journals Regularities of Variation of the Red Blood Indices Characterizing the Respiratory Function of Blood in Selected Fish

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Maciak ◽  
Alina Kostelecka-Myrcha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Erythrocyte Surface ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Counter Current

Regularities of Variation of the Red Blood Indices Characterizing the Respiratory Function of Blood in Selected FishThere is a large diversity of red blood indices determining oxygen transport ability in vertebrates. In fish this diversity is particularly large, probably due to the great variability in water environments, which impedes the possibility of finding and understanding general patterns. It has been assumed that in mammals, the measure determining the ability of a blood unit to transport oxygen is the ratio of hemoglobin concentration (HB) and total erythrocyte surface area (TSAE). It was also shown that both in mammals and birds the amount of hemoglobin per total surface area unit (Hb/TSAE) conditions maximum use of respiratory pigment in oxygen transport, in different physiological and environmental conditions. In order to check whether this regularity occurs in fish, red blood indices were analyzed in seven species of freshwater fish, differing noticeably in their biology and body mass in two seasons of the year. Notwithstanding this marked seasonal variability to the component variables together determining the total surface area of erythrocytes, the value for TSAE was found to differ in proportion to the higher or lower concentrations of HB. In consequence, the HB/TSAE ratio indicative of the maximal use of haemoglobin in the transport of oxygen was constant in all of the fish studied between analyzed seasons. This constancy - resembling that to be noted in birds - is most probably related to the counter-current gaseous exchange ongoing in the gills of fish.

Transport of Particle-Laden Fluids Through Fixed-Valve Micropumps

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Sheng Jang ◽  
Christopher J. Morris ◽  
Nigel R. Sharma ◽  
Ron L. Bardell ◽  
Fred K. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Maximum Flow Rate ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Polystyrene Microspheres ◽  
Negative Surface

Abstract Micropumps designed for the flow-rate range of 100–1000μl/min have been developed by a number of research groups. However, little data is available regarding the ability of various designs to directly transport liquids containing particles such as cells, microspheres utilized for bead chemistry, or contaminants. In this study the ability of pumps with no-moving-parts valves (NMPV) to transport particles was investigated. The results showed that a NMPV micropump was able to directly pump suspensions of polystyrene microspheres from 3.1 to 20.3μm in diameter. The pump functioned without clogging at microsphere number densities as high as 9000 particles/μl of suspension, which corresponded to over 90,000 particles per second passing through the pump at a flow rate of 600μl/min. Performance with polystyrene microspheres was the same as pure water up to the point of cavitation. Microspheres manufactured with negative surface charge cavitated less readily that other microspheres studied that were manufactured without surface charge. However, cavitation did not appear to be a function of microsphere size, total surface area or number density. Thus pumping polystyrene microspheres was found to be more affected by surface effects than by size, surface area or number density within the range of parameters considered. In the case of charged microspheres, the maximum flow rate was reduced by 30% compared to pure water whereas for uncharged microspheres the maximum flow rate was reduced by approximately 80%.

Comparative physiology of insect renal function

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (5) ◽  
pp. R241-R257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Multiplier System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glomerular Filtrate ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Anion Transfer

Transport mechanisms and their control in various segments of insect excretory systems are reviewed and compared to those of vertebrate nephrons, exocrine glands, and hindguts. Formation of the primary urine in most insect Malpighian tubules (MT) is by isosmotic secretion, which is driven by an apical cation (K+) pump rather than by Na+-K+-ATPase. Unlike the glomerular filtrate of vertebrates, insect MT fluid is very different from the blood in composition, often having very high K+-to-Na+ ratios, and urine-to-plasma values much less than unity for most other solutes. The total surface area of insect MT is some 20 times that of vertebrate glomeruli per unit body weight. Secretion of MT fluid is regulated by neuropeptides over a wide range of rats, similar to glomerular filtration rate values for many vertebrate kidneys. Several secretory mechanisms for selected solutes are probably common to insect and vertebrate tubules. Unlike vertebrates, insects usually reabsorb most of the filtered water, ions, and metabolites in the rectum, which has a small surface area relative to the MT. The rectum is also where ionic and osmotic composition of the excreta is finally adjusted, under the control of neuropeptide hormones. In the rectum, insect excreta can become as hyperosmotic as mammalian urine, even though a countercurrent multiplier system is not present. Active transport of Cl- predominates in both locust rectum and the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, but the characteristics of the anion transfer process are quite different in these two epithelia.xs

scholarly journals Evolution de l’occupation des sols dans la partie Nord du Dallol Bosso, départements de Filingué et Balleyara, région de Tillabéri-Niger

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (30) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Issoufou Maigary ◽  
Boureïma Ousmane ◽  
Ado Dankarami
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Climate Variability And Change ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Balanced Development

The departments of Filingué and Balleyara, which are our study area, are located in the northern part of Dallol Bosso, Tillabéri region in western Niger. This study area is circumscribed between 13 ° 35 'and 14 ° 40' north latitudes and 2 ° 50 'and 3 ° 30' East longitude. The effects of climate variability and change in the region since the 1970s have had significant impacts on ecosystems. This paper focuses on analyzing the dynamics of land use land cover in that area. The methodology based on the interpretation of the satellite image for 1972, 1987 and 2016 has led to important results. Thus, there is a notable decline in areas covered by natural plant formations (tiger bush and steppe). Indeed, they range from 28.79% in 1972 to 12.15% in 2016 of the total surface area of the study area. However, farmland increased from 164772 ha in 1972 to 200 697 ha in 2016, an increase of 22%. In addition, the bare spaces which were only 666 ha in 1972 moved to 4189 ha, an increase of more than 500%. Finally, the number of semi-permanent pools rose from 219 to 833 from 1972 to 2016, while the number of Koris increased from 280 to 1573 during the same period, an increase of more than 400%. It seems necessary to take urgent measures to safeguard the ecosystems of the region to allow a more balanced development of the area.

The ultrastructure of the cardiac Purkinje strand in the dog: a morphometric analysis

1983 ◽  
Vol 217 (1207) ◽  
pp. 191-213 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Series Resistance ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Membrane Surface Area ◽  
Extracellular Ions

Purkinje strands from both ventricles of adult mongrel dogs were excised, and electrical properties were studied by the voltage-clamp technique. The strands were then examined with light and electron microscopy and structural properties were analysed by morphometric techniques. The canine Purkinje strand contains (by volume) about 28% myocyte and 55% dense outer connective tissue. The remainder of the volume is taken up by the inner shell of loosely packed connective tissue within 10 μm of a myocyte membrane. These volume fractions vary considerably from one strand to another. Clefts less than 10 μm wide occupy 18% of the myocyte volume and clefts less than 1 μm wide occupy 1%. The membrane surface area of the myocytes can be divided into three categories by reference to the size of the adjacent cleft. About 47.8% of the membrane surface area faces clefts wider than 1 μm, another 22.2% faces clefts between 0.1 and 1 μm wide, and the final 30% faces clefts less than 0.1 μm wide. The surface area facing the narrowest clefts (less than 0.1 μm wide) is divided between nexuses 3%, desmosomes 10%, and unspecialized membrane 17% (each figure is expressed as a percentage of the total surface area of myocyte membrane). The canine Purkinje strand has a more favourable anatomy than the sheep Purkinje strand for most physiological experiments. We expect that the complicating effects of series resistance and change in the concentration of extracellular ions will be much smaller than in sheep strands, but still not negligible.

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