scholarly journals Descriptive epidemiology of energy expenditure in the UK: Findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008 – 2015

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soren Brage ◽  
Tim Lindsay ◽  
Michelle Venables ◽  
Katrien Wijndaele ◽  
Kate Westgate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about population levels of energy expenditure as national surveillance systems typically employ only crude measures. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) in the UK measures energy expenditure in a 10% subsample by gold-standard doubly-labelled water (DLW).MethodsDLW-subsample participants from the NDNS (383 males, 387 females) aged 4-91yrs were recruited between 2008 and 2015. Height and weight were measured, and bodyfat percentage was estimated by deuterium dilution.ResultsAbsolute Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) increases steadily throughout childhood, ranging from 6.3 and 7.2 MJ/day in 4-7yr-old to 9.9 and 11.8 MJ/day for 14-16yr-old girls and boys, respectively. TEE peaked in 17-27yr-old women (10.9 MJ/day) and 28-43yr-old men (14.4 MJ/day), before decreasing gradually in old age. Physical Acitivty Energy Expenditure (PAEE) declines steadily with age from childhood (87.7 kJ/day/kg in 4-7yr olds) through to old age (38.9 kJ/day/kg in 71-91yr olds). Bodyfat percentage was strongly inversely associated with PAEE throughout life, irrespective of expressing PAEE relative to bodymass or fat-free mass. Compared to females with <30% bodyfat, females >40% recorded 28 kJ/day/kg and 17 kJ/day/kg fat-free mass less PAEE in analyses adjusted for age, geographical region, and time of assessment. Similarly, compared to males with <25% bodyfat, males >35% recorded 26 kJ/day/kg and 10 kJ/day/kg fat-free mass less PAEE.ConclusionsThis first nationally representative study reports levels of human energy expenditure as measured by gold-standard methodology; values may serve as reference for other population studies. Age, sex and body composition are main biological determinants of energy expenditure.Key messagesFirst nationally representative study of human energy expenditure, covering the UK in the period 2008-2015Total Energy Expenditure (MJ/day) increases steadily with age thoughout childhood and adolescence, peaks in the 3rd decade of life in women and 4th decade of life in men, before decreasing gradually in old agePhysical Acitivty Energy Expenditure (kJ/day/kg or kJ/day/kg fat-free mass) declines steadily with age from childhood to old age, more steeply so in malesBodyfat percentage is strongly inversely associated with physical activity energy expenditure

scholarly journals Descriptive epidemiology of energy expenditure in the UK: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–15

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soren Brage ◽  
Tim Lindsay ◽  
Michelle Venables ◽  
Katrien Wijndaele ◽  
Kate Westgate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Activity Energy

Abstract Background Little is known about population levels of energy expenditure, as national surveillance systems typically employ only crude measures. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) in the UK measured energy expenditure in a 10% subsample by gold-standard doubly labelled water (DLW). Methods DLW-subsample participants from the NDNS (383 males, 387 females) aged 4–91 years were recruited between 2008 and 2015 (rolling programme). Height and weight were measured and body-fat percentage estimated by deuterium dilution. Results Absolute total energy expenditure (TEE) increased steadily throughout childhood, ranging from 6.2 and 7.2 MJ/day in 4- to 7-year-olds to 9.7 and 11.7 MJ/day for 14- to 16-year-old girls and boys, respectively. TEE peaked in 17- to 27-year-old women (10.7 MJ/day) and 28- to 43-year-old men (14.4 MJ/day), before decreasing gradually in old age. Physical-activity energy expenditure (PAEE) declined steadily with age from childhood (87 kJ/day/kg in 4- to 7-year-olds) through to old age (38 kJ/day/kg in 71- to 91-year-olds). No differences were observed by time, region and macronutrient composition. Body-fat percentage was strongly inversely associated with PAEE throughout life, irrespective of expressing PAEE relative to body mass or fat-free mass. Compared with females with &lt;30% body fat, females with &gt;40% recorded 29 kJ/day/kg body mass and 18 kJ/day/kg fat-free mass less PAEE in analyses adjusted for age, geographical region and time of assessment. Similarly, compared with males with &lt;25% body fat, males with &gt;35% recorded 26 kJ/day/kg body mass and 10 kJ/day/kg fat-free mass less PAEE. Conclusions This first nationally representative study reports levels of human-energy expenditure as measured by gold-standard methodology; values may serve as a reference for other population studies. Age, sex and body composition are the main determinants of energy expenditure. Key Messages This is the first nationally representative study of human energy expenditure, covering the UK in the period 2008-2015. Total energy expenditure (MJ/day) increases steadily with age throughout childhood and adolescence, peaks in the 3rd decade of life in women and 4th decade of life in men, before decreasing gradually in old age. Physical activity energy expenditure (kJ/day/kg or kJ/day/kg fat-free mass) declines steadily with age from childhood to old age, more steeply so in males. Body-fat percentage is strongly inversely associated with physical activity energy expenditure. We found little evidence that energy expenditure varied by geographical region, over time, or by dietary macronutrient composition.

Energy Expenditure and Body Fat Distribution in Mohawk Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Michael I. Goran ◽  
Mary Kaskoun ◽  
Rachel Johnson ◽  
Charlene Martinez ◽  
Benson Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass

Objective. Epidemiologic studies suggest that Native Americans, including the Mohawk people, have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. However, current information on alterations in related variables such as energy metabolism and body composition in Native Americans is almost exclusively limited to already obese Pima adults living in the Southwest. The aim of this study was to characterize energy metabolism and body composition in young Mohawk children (17 girls, 11 boys; aged 4 to 7 years) as compared to Caucasian children (36 girls, 34 boys; aged 4 to 7 years). Total energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water, postprandial resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, and activity energy expenditure was derived from the difference between total and resting energy expenditure. Fat and fat free mass were estimated from bioelectrical resistance, and body fat distribution was estimated from skinfolds and circumferences. Results. There were no significant effects of ethnic background or sex on body weight, height, or body mass index. Fat free mass was significantly higher in boys and fat mass was significantly higher in girls, with no effect of ethnic background. Chest skinfold thickness, the ratio of trunk skinfolds:extremity skinfolds, and the waist:hip ratio were significantly higher in Mohawk children by 2.5 mm, 0.09 units, and 0.03 units, respectively, independent of sex and fat mass. Total energy expenditure was significantly higher in Mohawk children compared to Caucasian (100 kcal/day in girls, 150 kcal/day in boys), independent of fat free mass and sex, due to a significantly higher physical activity-related energy expenditure. Conclusion. These data suggest that: 1) body fat is more centrally distributed in Mohawk relative to Caucasian children, and this effect is independent of sex and body fat content; 2) Mohawk children have a greater total energy expenditure than Caucasian children, independent of fat free mass, due to greater physical activity-related energy expenditure.

scholarly journals Lower carbohydrate and higher fat intakes are associated with higher hemoglobin A1c: findings from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 2771-2782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitong Churuangsuk ◽  
Michael E.J. Lean ◽  
Emilie Combet
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Diagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Fat Diets

Abstract Purpose Evidence of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LCHF) for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) prevention is scarce. We investigated how carbohydrate intake relates to HbA1c and T2DM prevalence in a nationally representative survey dataset. Methods We analyzed dietary information (4-day food diaries) from 3234 individuals aged ≥ 16 years, in eight waves of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2016). We calculated LCHF scores (0–20, higher score indicating lower  %food energy from carbohydrate, with reciprocal higher contribution from fat) and UK Dietary Reference Value (DRV) scores (0–16, based on UK dietary recommendations). Associations between macronutrients and diet scores and diabetes prevalence were analyzed (in the whole sample) using multivariate logistic regression. Among those without diabetes, analyses between exposures and %HbA1c (continuous) were analyzed using multivariate linear regression. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, smoking status, total energy intake, socioeconomic status and survey years. Results In the overall study sample, 194 (6.0%) had diabetes. Mean intake was 48.0%E for carbohydrates, and 34.9%E for total fat. Every 5%E decrease in carbohydrate, and every 5%E increase in fat, was associated with 12% (95% CI 0.78–0.99; P = 0.03) and 17% (95% CI 1.02–1.33; P = 0.02) higher odds of diabetes, respectively. Each two-point increase in LCHF score is related to 8% (95% CI 1.02–1.14; P = 0.006) higher odds of diabetes, while there was no evidence for association between DRV score and diabetes. Among the participants without diagnosed diabetes (n = 3130), every 5%E decrease in carbohydrate was associated with higher %HbA1c by + 0.016% (95% CI 0.004–0.029; P = 0.012), whereas every 5%E increase in fat was associated with higher  %HbA1c by + 0.029% (95% CI 0.015–0.043; P < 0.001). Each two-point increase in LCHF score is related to higher  %HbA1c by + 0.010% (0.1 mmol/mol), while each two-point increase in the DRV score is related to lower  %HbA1c by − 0.023% (0.23 mmol/mol). Conclusions Lower carbohydrate and higher fat intakes were associated with higher HbA1c and greater odds of having diabetes. These data do not support low(er) carbohydrate diets for diabetes prevention.

scholarly journals Household level health and socio-economic vulnerabilities and the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis from the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Mikolai ◽  
Katherine Keenan ◽  
Hill Kulu
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

Objectives. To investigate how COVID-19-related health and socio-economic vulnerabilities occur at the household level, and how they are distributed across household types and geographical areas in the United Kingdom. Design. Cross-sectional, nationally representative study. Setting. The United Kingdom. Participants. ~19,500 households. Main outcome measures. Using multiple household-level indicators and principal components analysis, we derive summary measures representing different dimensions of household vulnerabilities critical during the COVID-19 epidemic: health, employment, housing, financial and digital. Results. Our analysis highlights three key findings. First, although COVID-19 health risks are concentrated in retirement-age households, a substantial proportion of working age households also face these risks. Second, different types of households exhibit different vulnerabilities, with working-age households more likely to face financial, housing and employment precarities, and retirement-age households health and digital vulnerabilities. Third, there are area-level differences in the distribution of vulnerabilities across England and the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. Conclusions. The findings imply that the short- and long-term consequences of the COVID-19 crisis are likely to vary by household type. Policy measures that aim to mitigate the health and socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic should consider how vulnerabilities cluster together across different household types, and how these may exacerbate already existing inequalities.

Doubly labeled water measurement of human energy expenditure during exercise at high altitude

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. R966-R971 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Hoyt ◽  
T. E. Jones ◽  
C. J. Baker-Fulco ◽  
D. A. Schoeller ◽  
R. B. Schoene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Measurement ◽  
Body Energy

Estimates of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) by the doubly labeled water (DLW, 2H(2)18O) and intake balance (I-B) methods were compared in six male soldiers studied over 6 days that included 5 days of strenuous winter exercise at 2,500- to 3,100-m elevation. Use of body energy stores [-9.54 +/- 1.54 (SD) MJ/day or -2,280 +/- 368 kcal/day] was estimated from changes in body weight, body density (hydrodensitometry), and total body water (H(2)18O dilution). The subjects wore computerized activity monitors and kept daily records of ration consumption (9.87 +/- 3.60 MJ/day or 2,359 +/- 860 kcal/day). Accuracy of individual DLW and I-B TDEE values was estimated from the correlations of TDEE with fat-free mass (FFM) or total weight (body wt + load). The DLW and I-B estimates of TDEE differed by -12.0 to 15.2% but provided comparable estimates of group mean TDEE (DLW = 19.07 +/- 2.37 MJ/day or 4,558 +/- 566 kcal/day; I-B = 19.41 +/- 3.72 MJ/day or 4,639 +/- 889 kcal/day; P > 0.05). The DLW TDEE was correlated with both FFM (r2 = 0.89, P < 0.01, power = 0.95) and total weight (r2 = 0.95, P < 0.01, power = 0.99), whereas I-B TDEE was correlated only with total weight (r2 = 0.75, P < 0.03, power = 0.81). Under adverse field conditions the DLW method provided individual TDEE estimates that were probably more accurate than those provided by the I-B method.

Total energy expenditure in 4- to 6-yr-old children

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. E706-E711 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Goran ◽  
W. H. Carpenter ◽  
E. T. Poehlman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Interindividual Variation

There is a sparsity of data on energy expenditure in young children. We therefore examined the components of daily energy expenditure in a group of 30 children (16 boys, 14 girls; age 4–6 yr) characterized for body weight, height, heart rate, and body composition from bioelectrical resistance. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured over 14 days under free living conditions by doubly labeled water, resting energy expenditure (REE) from indirect calorimetry, and activity energy expenditure was estimated from the difference between TEE and REE. Mean TEE was 1,379 +/- 290 kcal/day, which was 475 +/- 202 kcal/day lower than energy intake recommendations for this age group. Activity-related energy expenditure was estimated to be 267 +/- 203 kcal/day. TEE was most significantly related to fat-free mass (FFM; r = 0.86; P < 0.001), body weight (r = 0.83; P < 0.001), and REE (r = 0.80; P < 0.001). When TEE was adjusted for FFM, a significant correlation with heart rate was observed (partial r = 0.54; P = 0.002). Collectively, 86% of interindividual variation in TEE was accounted for by FFM, heart rate, and REE. We conclude that, in young 4- to 6-yr-old children, 1) TEE is approximately 25% lower than current recommendations for energy intake and 2) combined measurement of FFM, heart rate, and REE explain 86% of interindividual variation in TEE, thus providing a possible alternative method to estimate TEE in young children.

scholarly journals Whole-grain intake of British young people aged 4–18 years

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 825-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Thane ◽  
A. R. Jones ◽  
A. M. Stephen ◽  
C. J. Seal ◽  
S. A. Jebb
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

Inverse associations between whole-grain food consumption and risk of CVD, some cancers and type 2 diabetes have been reported. However, there are few reports of whole-grain intake, particularly among young people. The objective of the present study was to estimate whole-grain intake in a nationally representative sample of young people aged 4–18 years living in Great Britain. Whole-grain intake was estimated using 7d weighed dietary records from 1583 young people who participated in the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Survey in 1997. Whole-grain intake was quantified from the consumption of all foods containing ≥10% whole-grain content. Median whole-grain intake was 7g/d (interquartile range 0–19g/d), with a corresponding mean of 13 (sd18) g/d. Intake was significantly lower among young people whose head of household had a manual occupation, but did not differ significantly by sex, age, region or season. There was no whole-grain intake for 27% of participants. The percentages for less than one and less than three 16g amounts of whole-grain intake per d were 70 and 94, respectively, while corresponding percentages based on 20g amounts were 76 and 97. Foods with <51% whole-grain content provided 28% of whole-grain intake overall, with a higher percentage in older adolescents. The main sources of whole-grain intake were breakfast cereals (56%) and bread (25%). The present study provides the first quantification of absolute whole-grain intake from all significant food sources in any representative age group in the UK. Although there is some debate regarding the quantity of whole grains required for good health, whole-grain intake among British young people is low.

scholarly journals Validity of Two Questionnaires and Two Prediction Equations for Estimating Total Energy Expenditure in Healthy Adults: A Doubly Labeled Water Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1175-1175
Author(s):  
Megan McCrory ◽  
Hannah Bernard ◽  
Owen Maroney ◽  
Rashmi Sharma ◽  
Susan Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Bod Pod

Abstract Objectives The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is the gold standard for assessing total energy expenditure (TEE), but is costly. Questionnaires and prediction equations for TEE are nearly cost-free but research on their validity is scarce. We evaluated the validity of TEE assessed by two questionnaires and two prediction equations in comparison with TEE assessed by DLW. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that the questionnaires would be valid at a group level, and that the prediction equations would be valid at an individual level. Methods Data from a 10-d observational study in 124 healthy, nonsmoking adults were used (63% F, aged 29.8 ± 12.2 y, BMI 24.5 ± 3.9 kg/m2 (Mean ± SD)). TEE was measured by DLW using a mixed oral 2H218O dose containing 0.15 g 2H218O and 0.07 g of 2H2O per kg body weight. Analysis of urine samples and calculations of TEE were carried out using standard methodology. TEE was estimated from the 7-day Physical Activity Recall (7dPAR; Sallis et al. 1985), the Block Work and Home Survey (BWHS; Block et al. 2009), Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) equations for estimated energy requirements of adults with normal weight or overweight/obesity (IOM 2005), and the BOD POD air displacement plethysmograph. 7dPAR TEE was estimated by multiplying MET-min/day with resting metabolic rate estimated from DRI basal energy expenditure equations. The BOD POD measured body composition by densitometry and TEE was estimated from fat-free mass and fat mass (Nelson et al. 1992) and an activity factor (WHO 1985). Results TEE values were 2430 ± 535 (DLW), 2375 ± 445 (7dPAR), 2407 ± 750 (BWHS), 2335 ± 388 (DRI), 2134 ± 439 (BOD POD) kcal/d (Mean ± SD), with DRI and BOD POD significantly lower than DLW (P &lt;0.01). Mean ± 2SD limits of agreement (kcal/d) between DLW and 7dPAR (−766, 877) and BWHS (−1420, 1468) were wider than those between DLW and DRI (−630, 822) and BOD POD (−463, 1057). The R2 and SEE of the method associations with DLW ranged from 0.17 to 0.54 and 264 to 688 kcal/d, respectively (all P = 0.000). Conclusions The 7dPAR and BWHS were valid for estimating TEE at a group level. While the DRI and BOD POD equations were more accurate at estimating TEE of individuals, none of the tools are recommended for individual assessment of TEE due to their low R2 and wide Bland-Altman limits of agreement with DLW. Funding Sources NIH R01 DK075862 and Purdue University.

scholarly journals Effects of ambient temperature on adaptive thermogenesis during maintenance of reduced body weight in mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (4) ◽  
pp. R438-R448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Ravussin ◽  
Charles A. LeDuc ◽  
Kazuhisa Watanabe ◽  
Rudolph L. Leibel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Weight Reduction ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Basal Energy Expenditure

We showed previously that, at ambient room temperature (22°C), mice maintained at 20% below their initial body weight by calorie restriction expend energy at a rate below that which can be accounted for by the decrease of fat and fat-free mass. Food-restricted rodents may become torpid at subthermoneutral temperatures, a possible confounding factor when using mice as human models in obesity research. We examined the bioenergetic, hormonal, and behavioral responses to maintenance of a 20% body weight reduction in singly housed C57BL/6J +/+ and Lep ob mice housed at both 22°C and 30°C. Weight-reduced high-fat-fed diet mice (HFD-WR) showed similar quantitative reductions in energy expenditure—adjusted for body mass and composition—at both 22°C and 30°C: −1.4 kcal/24 h and −1.6 kcal/24 h below predicted, respectively, and neither group entered torpor. In contrast, weight-reduced Lep ob mice (OB-WR) housed at 22°C became torpid in the late lights-off period (0200–0500) but did not when housed at 30°C. These studies indicate that mice with an intact leptin axis display similar decreases in “absolute” energy expenditure in response to weight reduction at both 22°C and 30°C ambient temperature. More importantly, the “percent” decrease in total energy expenditure observed in the HFD-WR compared with AL mice is much greater at 30°C (−19%) than at 22°C (−10%). Basal energy expenditure demands are ∼45% lower in mice housed at 30°C vs. 22°C, since the mice housed at thermoneutrality do not allocate extra energy for heat production. The higher total energy expenditure of mice housed at 22°C due to these increased thermogenic demands may mask physiologically relevant changes in energy expenditure showing that ambient temperature must be carefully considered when quantifying energy metabolism in both rodents and humans.

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