In VitroPotent Activity of ε-poly-L-lysine againstCandida albicansand the Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the antifungal activity of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) against the planktonic cells or biofilms ofCandida albicansand explore the underlying mechanism.MethodsThe minimal inhibitory concentration, minimum fungal concentration, and sessile minimal inhibitory concentration were estimated. The germ tube formation and yeast-to-hypha transformation ofC. albicansin different media that induced mycelial growth were recorded. The effect of different concentrations of ε-PL on the biofilm formation process and mature biofilm ofC. albicanswas determined. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents ofC. albicansafter ε-PL treatment were measured. The changes in major virulence genes and proteins ofC. albicanswere detected.Resultsε-PL (512 μg/mL) exerted a strong inhibitory effect onC. albicansand biofilms. It blocked the yeast-to-hypha transition and reduced the germ tube formation and germ tube length ofC. albicans. The MDA and ROS contents showed an upward trend, indicating a positive correlation with the concentration. Further, ε-PL inhibited the high expression of virulence genes in oxidative stress induced byC. albicans. The main peak in the mass spectrum ofC. albicanswas found to be clear.Conclusionsε-PL exerted a significant antifungal effect on the phytoplankton and biofilm ofC. albicans. High concentrations of ε-PL significantly inhibited the main mycelium ofC. albicans. ε-PL induced ROS, released cytochrome C, attacked theC. albicanscell membrane to aggravate its lipid oxidation, and inhibited the expression ofC. albicans–associated virulence genes and proteins, thereby exerting a bacteriostatic effect.ImportanceThe last two decades have seen a growing trend toward the failure of current antifungal drugs attributed toCandidabiofilms. Under appropriate conditions, adherence and colonization of planktonic cells on host tissues and medical devices initiate multicellular organization called biofilm, which is an organized heterogeneous mixture of yeast, hyphae, and pseudohyphal forms embedded in a complex extracellular matrix. Compared with the planktonic cells, biofilms show high resistance to a wide variety of antifungal agents and tolerance to harsh environments and host immune system. Moreover, the development of antifungal drugs is costly, long-term, and difficult. Thus, researchers turned their attention to natural antibacterial peptides, hoping to find an effective antifungal substance or enhance the sensitivity of the existing antifungal drugs toC. albicans.

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The Effect of Zuccagnia punctata, an Argentine Medicinal Plant, on Virulence Factors from Candida Species

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900712 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nuño Gabriela ◽

Alberto María Rosa ◽

Zampini Iris Catiana ◽

Cuello Soledad ◽

Ordoñez Roxana Mabel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virulence Factors ◽

Candida Species ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Invasive Potential ◽

Invasion Mechanisms ◽

Candida Biofilm

Zuccagnia punctata Cav. has been used as a traditional medicine in Argentina for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. In this study, we evaluated the ability of Z. punctata extract (ZpE) and compounds isolated from it to inhibit the growth and virulence factors of Candida species. ZpE showed inhibitory activity against planktonic cells of all assayed Candida species with MIC values of 400 μg/mL and with MFC values between 400 and 1,200 μg/mL. The principal identified compounds by HPLC-MS/MS and UV-VIS were chalcones (2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxychalcone, 2′,4′- dihydroxychalcone), flavones (galangin, 3,7-dihydroxyflavone and chrysin) and flavanones (naringenin, 7-hydroxyflavanone and pinocembrine). These compounds were more effective as inhibitors than the extracts upon biofilm formation as well as on preformed Candida biofilm and yeast germ tube formation. Furthermore, ZpE and chalcones are able to inhibit exoenzymes, which are responsible for the invasion mechanisms of the pathogens. All these effects could moderate colonization, thereby suppressing the pathogen invasive potential. Our results indicate that ZpE and chalcones could be used in antifungal therapy.

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Cellular and Molecular Biology of Candida albicans Estrogen Response

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

10.1128/ec.5.1.180-191.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 180-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Georgina Cheng ◽

Kathleen M. Yeater ◽

Lois L. Hoyer

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Vaginal Candidiasis ◽

Tube Length ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Estrogen Exposure ◽

Ethynyl Estradiol

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is the most common etiological agent of vaginal candidiasis. Elevated host estrogen levels and the incidence of vaginal candidiasis are positively associated. Elevated estrogen levels may affect host and/or fungal cells. This study investigates the effect of 17-β-estradiol, 17-α-estradiol, ethynyl estradiol, and estriol on several C. albicans strains at concentrations ranging from 10−5 to 10−10 M. The addition of 17-β-estradiol or ethynyl estradiol to C. albicans cells caused an increase in the number of cells forming germ tubes and an increase in germ tube length in a dose- and strain-dependent manner. The addition of 17-α-estradiol or estriol did not have a significant effect on germ tube formation by the cultured cells. Exposure to exogenous estrogens did not significantly change the biomass of any C. albicans culture tested. The transcriptional profile of estrogen-treated C. albicans cells showed increased expression of CDR1 and CDR2 across several strain-estrogen concentration-time point combinations, suggesting that these genes are the most responsive to estrogen exposure. Analysis of strain DSY654, which lacks the CDR1 and CDR2 coding sequences, showed a significantly decreased number of germ tube-forming cells in the presence of 17-β-estradiol. PDR16 was the most highly up-regulated gene in strain DSY654 under these growth conditions. The cell biology and gene expression data from this study led to a model that proposes how components of the phospholipid and sterol metabolic pathways may interact to affect C. albicans germ tube formation and length.

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Liquid and vapor-phase antifungal activities of natural borneol against Candida albicans and its germ tube formation

10.1101/2021.03.02.433682 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yazhou Wang ◽

Huiling Liu

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Vapor Phase ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Phase Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Natural Medicine ◽

Candida Albicans Infection

AbstractCandida albicans infection mainly occurs in patients with suppressed immune function, and it is also the main pathogen of hospital infection. The new strategies are needed to treat the existing resistance of antifungal drugs. The use of natural products aimed at controlling fungal diseases is considered an interesting alternative to synthetic fungicides due to their lower adverse reactions, lower cost to plant preparations compared to modern conventional pharmaceuticals. Natural borneol has a long history of treating ulcers and local infections. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentration of natural borneol on ATCC10231 and 10 clinically isolated Candida albicans was determined by vapor phase method and dilution method, and the influence of sub-minimum inhibitory concentration on the formation of Candida albicans hyphae was observed. We found that the minimum inhibitory concentration of ATCC10231 and 10 clinically the isolates in the vapor phase were both 0.4 mg/cm3, agar and broth dilution methods were 2 mg/mL. The vapor phase of natural borneol has a better inhibitory effect on Candida albicans, Sub-mic concentration of borneol (0.125-1mg/ml) in the liquid phase inhibits the 60%-99% formation of Candida albicans germ tube. Natural borneol is a potential natural medicine for the treatment and prevention of Candida albicans infection. It brings new insights into the development of novel effective antifungal drugs.

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Antifungal activity of deferiprone and EDTA against Sporothrix spp.: Effect on planktonic growth and biofilm formation

Medical Mycology ◽

10.1093/mmy/myaa073 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante ◽

Anderson da Cunha Costa ◽

Vandbergue Santos Pereira ◽

Mirele Rodrigues Fernandes ◽

Jonathas Sales de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Synergistic Interaction ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Yeast Form

Abstract The present study evaluated the antifungal activity of the chelators deferiprone (DFP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and their effect on biofilm formation of the S. schenckii complex. Eighteen strains of Sporothrix spp. (seven S. brasiliensis, three S. globosa, three S. mexicana and five Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto) were used. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for EDTA and DFP against filamentous forms of Sporothrix spp. ranged from 32 to 128 μg/ml. For antifungal drugs, MIC values ranged from 0.25 to 4 μg/ml for amphotericin B, from 0.25 to 4 μg/ml for itraconazole, and from 0.03 to 0.25 μg/ml for terbinafine. The chelators caused inhibition of Sporothrix spp. in yeast form at concentrations ranging from 16 to 64 μg/ml (for EDTA) and 8 to 32 μg/ml (for DFP). For antifungal drugs, MIC values observed against the yeast varied from 0.03 to 0.5 μg/ml for AMB, 0.03 to 1 μg/ml for ITC, and 0.03 to 0.13 μg/ml for TRB. Both DFP and EDTA presented synergistic interaction with antifungals against Sporothrix spp. in both filamentous and yeast form. Biofilms formed in the presence of the chelators (512 μg/ml) showed a reduction of 47% in biomass and 45% in metabolic activity. Our data reveal that DFP and EDTA reduced the growth of planktonic cells of Sporothrix spp., had synergistic interaction with antifungal drugs against this pathogen, and reduced biofilm formation of Sporothrix spp. Lay Summary Our data reveal that iron chelators deferiprone and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reduced the growth of planktonic cells of Sporothrix spp. as well as had synergistic interaction with antifungal drugs against this pathogen and reduced biofilm formation of Sporothrix spp.

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Antifungal Effects of Saponin Extract from Rhizomes of Dioscorea panthaica Prain et Burk against Candida albicans

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/6095307 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Longfei Yang ◽

Xin Liu ◽

Xinming Zhuang ◽

Xuechao Feng ◽

Lili Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Ros Production ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Antifungal Effects

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen causing serious diseases, while there are only a paucity of antifungal drugs. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the antifungal effects of saponin extract from rhizomes of Dioscorea panthaica Prain et Burk (Huangshanyao Saponin extract, HSE) against C. albicans. HSE inhibits the planktonic growth and biofilm formation and development of C. albicans. 16–64 μg/mL of HSE could inhibit adhesion to polystyrene surfaces, transition from yeast to filamentous growth, and production of secreted phospholipase and could also induce endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and disrupt cell membrane in planktonic cells. Inhibitory activities against extracellular exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and ROS production in preformed biofilms could be inhibited by 64–256 μg/mL of HSE. Cytotoxicity against human Chang’s liver cells is low, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of about 256 μg/mL. In sum, our study suggested that HSE might be used as a potential antifungal therapeutic against C. albicans.

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Photodynamic activity of Tagetes minuta extracts against superficial fungal infections

Medical Mycology ◽

10.1093/mmy/myz114 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 797-809

Author(s):

Lucía Giacone ◽

Estefanía Cordisco ◽

María Clara Garrido ◽

Elisa Petenatti ◽

Maximiliano Sortino

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Topical Administration ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Type I ◽

Tagetes Minuta

Abstract Candida and dermatophyte species are the most common causes of superficial mycoses because their treatment can be difficult due to limitations of current antifungal drugs in terms of toxicity, bioavailability, interactions, narrow-spectrum activity, and development of resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the topical administration of a photosensitizer in combination with light of an appropriate wavelength and molecular oxygen that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote damage to several vital components of the microorganism. Tagetes species are known as a source of thiophenes, biologically active compounds whose antifungal activity is enhanced by irradiation with UVA. The present investigation evaluated Tagetes minuta extracts as a photosensitizer on growth of Candida and dermatophytes and their effect on Candida virulence factors. T. minuta root hexane and dichloromethane extracts demonstrated high photodynamic antifungal activity. Bioautographic assays and chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of five thiophenes with reported photodynamic antifungal activities under UVA. Analysis of ROS production indicated that both type I and II reactions were involved in the activity of the extracts. In addition, the extracts inhibited virulence factors of Candida, such as adherence to epithelial surfaces and germ tube formation and showed efficacy against different Candida morphologies: budding cells, cells with germ tube and biofilms. Results suggested that PDT with T. minuta extracts might become a valuable alternative to the already established antifungal drugs for the treatment of superficial fungal infections.

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Nồng độ ức chế tối thiểu (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration - MIC) của một số loại kháng sinh đến vi khuẩn phân lập được từ cá dìa thương phẩm mắc bệnh lở loét (Siganus guttatus, Bloch, 1787)

HUE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ◽

10.26459/jard.v104i5.2960 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 104 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Lê Văn Bảo Duy ◽

Dương Thị Thủy ◽

Nguyễn Ngọc Phước ◽

Trương Thị Hoa ◽

Nguyễn Đức Quỳnh Anh

Keyword(s):

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Vibrio Tubiashii

Nghiên cứu được tiến hành nhằm xác định nồng độ ức chế tối thiểu (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration - MIC) của một số loại kháng sinh đến vi khuẩn phân lập được từ cá dìa thương phẩm mắc bệnh lở loét (Siganus guttatus). Từ kết quả phân lập định danh cho thấy 2 chủng Vibrio parahaemolyticus VPMP22 và Vibrio tubiashii ATCC 19109 có mặt trên các vết lở loét ở cá dìa thương phẩm. Kết quả thử nghiệm MIC cho thấy các loại kháng sinh Cefuroxim, Cefotaxim, Tetracycline, Erythromicin, Rifamicin có nồng độ ức chế vi khuẩn Vibrio parahaemolyticus VPMP22 tốt nhất dưới 0.21 µg/ml. Các kháng sinh có Cefuroxim, Cefotaxim, Oxytetraciline, Erythromicin, Trimethoprim nồng độ ức chế vi khuẩn Vibrio tubiashii ATCC 19109 tốt nhất dưới 1.25 µg/ml. Penicillin có nồng độ ức chế tối thiểu cao nhất đối với cả 2 chủng vi khuẩn trên (80 µg/ml), cho thấy 2 chủng vi khuẩn trên đã có sự kháng thuốc đối với loại kháng sinh này. Do đó, trong phòng trị bệnh lở loét trên cá dìa nên sử dụng Cefuroxim và Cefotaxim để có hiệu quả cao nhất trong phòng trị bệnh.

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