scholarly journals Recreational fisheries as a driver of salmonid population conservation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Worthington ◽  
Ian Worthington ◽  
Ian P. Vaughan ◽  
Steve J Ormerod ◽  
Isabelle Durance
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
List Type ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Recreational Angling ◽  
Population Conservation ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Service Paradigm ◽  
Juvenile Density

ABSTRACTThe need to monitor and protect biodiversity has never been greater, yet resources are often constrained economically. The ecosystem service paradigm could promote nature conservation while sustaining economic activity and other societal benefits, but most efforts to assess biodiversity-ecosystem service (B-ES) links have focused on diversity measures, with little attention on how species abundance relates to the magnitude of ES provision.Here, we utilised four national scale, multi-decadal, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) datasets to investigate links between juvenile density, the abundance of returning adults, and two measures of recreational angling provision: rod catches and angling effort.Recreational rod catches only tracked juvenile density and returning adult numbers in catchments where juvenile and adult numbers were decreasing, implying important early-warning of ES decline. In contrast, angling effort declined consistently through time.Synthesis and applications. These data illustrate i) the difficulty in measuring ES in ways that explicitly relate human resource use to nature conservation, and ii) the need for better quantification of populations at all life stages that determine ES provision, particularly in species where long-distance movements bring exposure to multiple global pressures. We suggest additional opportunities (e.g., monitoring of smolts, eDNA and citizen science initiatives) to facilitate conservation efforts and increase capacity to monitor ecosystem service sustainability.

scholarly journals Quantifying ecosystem service flows at multiple scales across the range of a long-distance migratory species

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius J. Semmens ◽  
Jay E. Diffendorfer ◽  
Kenneth J. Bagstad ◽  
Ruscena Wiederholt ◽  
Karen Oberhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Long Distance

Chronione grzyby porażające pomnikowe drzewa – konflikt gatunkowej i indywidualnej ochrony przyrody

2018 ◽  
Vol XI ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andrzej Grzywacz ◽  
Ewa Referowska- Chodak
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ideological Conflict ◽  
Old Trees

The paper presents the taxonomic status of fungi and species abundance of fungi and fungus-like organisms occurring in Poland. It provides the history of species conservation and discusses the level of threat posed to fungi. Tree nature monuments with particular emphasis put on old trees, as well as fungal species under the strict and partial legal protection that may inhabit such trees have also been characterized. The paper describes an ideological conflict concerning nature conservation that may arise in connection with the infestation of protected monument trees by fungi also protected by law. Although there is no legal conflict as regards the elimination of protected fungal species from monument trees, the practice shows that it is difficult to obtain permission for such actions in regional directorates of environmental protection. This is (wrongly) explained by the lack of derogations from the destruction of some fungal species and their habitats.

scholarly journals Dynamism and context dependency in the diversification of the megadiverse plant genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susy Echeverrĩa-Londoño ◽  
Tiina Särkinen ◽  
Isabel S Fenton ◽  
Sandra Knapp ◽  
Andy Purvis
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
List Type ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Climatic Trend ◽  
Constituent Species ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
Diverse Plant

SummaryExplosive radiations have been considered one of the most intriguing diversification patterns across the Tree of Life, but the subsequent change, movement and extinction of the constituent species makes radiations hard to discern or understand as geological time passes.We synthesised phylogenetic and distributional data for an ongoing radiation — the mega-diverse plant genus Solanum L. — to show how dispersal events and past climatic changes have interacted to shape diversification.We found that despite the vast diversity of Solanum lineages in the Neotropics, lineages in the Old World are diversifying more rapidly. This recent explosive diversification coincides with a long-distance dispersal event from the Neotropics, at the time when, and to places where, major climatic changes took place. Two different groups of Solanum have migrated and established in Australia, but only the arid-adapted lineages experienced significant increases in their diversification, which is consistent with adaptation to the continent’s long-term climatic trend and the diversification of other arid-adapted groups.Our findings provide a clear example of how successful colonisation of new areas and niches can – but do not always – drive explosive radiations.

scholarly journals Landscape drivers and effectiveness of pest control by insectivorous birds in a landscape-dominant woody crop

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Martínez-Núñez ◽  
Pedro J. Rey ◽  
Antonio J. Manzaneda ◽  
Daniel García ◽  
Rubén Tarifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Landscape Heterogeneity ◽  
List Type ◽  
Insectivorous Birds ◽  
Landscape Complexity ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Woody Crop ◽  
Plasticine Models

AbstractAvian-mediated pest control is a significant ecosystem service with important economic implications. However, there is an overall paucity of experimental information about how landscape simplification affect its current level. Information on pest control by birds is missing in some permanent agroecosystems of worldwide importance, like olive orchards, that dominate vast areas in the Mediterranean region.We assess the effectiveness of insectivorous birds for controlling the two main pest insects in olive orchards and explore the effects of landscape complexity and distance to semi-natural patches on avian insectivore abundance and pest control. For this, we combine bird surveys with field experiments (branch exclusions and pest plasticine models) at the regional scale.Landscape heterogeneity increased the abundance and richness of insectivorous birds, which were also more abundant and diverse in semi-natural patches, compared to the farm olive matrix. Experiments evidenced that pest control by birds (measured as attack rates to plasticine models and pest damage) in the studied olive orchards is negligible, while pests were overall abundant and pest damage was high on most farms. This raises alarms about the status of avian pest control in this agroecosystem.Although landscape heterogeneity increased the abundance/richness of insectivorous birds, and favored some forest species, insectivorous bird abundance seems diluted in relation to prey availability in all landscapes. Thus, pest control by birds seems currently unsuccessful in olive orchards. Our results might be evidencing the loss of an ecosystem service due to a generalized massive decline of common and forest insectivorous birds.Key messageOlive orchards dominate extensive areas causing important landscape simplification.Insectivorous birds are more abundant in semi-natural patches within olive farms.Field experiments show a low impact of birds on olive pests and damage.Avian-mediated pest biocontrol seems diluted by limited suitable habitat for birds.Agri-environmental measures should focus on increasing landscape complexity.

scholarly journals Chitin-induced systemic disease resistance in rice requires both OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP and is mediated via perturbation of cell-wall biogenesis in leaves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Momoko Takagi ◽  
Kei Hotamori ◽  
Keigo Naito ◽  
Sumire Matsukawa ◽  
Mayumi Egusa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
List Type ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cell Wall Biogenesis

SummaryChitin is a well-known elicitor of disease resistance whose recognition by plants is crucial to perceive fungal infections. Chitin can induce both a local immune response and a systemic disease resistance when provided as a supplement in soils. Unlike local immune responses, how chitin-induced systemic disease resistance is deployed has not been studied in detail.In this study, we evaluated systemic disease resistance against the fungal pathogen Bipolaris oryzae by performing a transcriptome analysis and monitoring cell-wall composition in rice plants grown in chitin-supplemented soils. We also examined the local immune response to chitin by measuring the production of reactive oxygen species in leaves.Chitins induced both local immune response and systemic disease resistance with differing requirements for the receptors OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP. Transcriptome analysis suggested that a perturbation in cell-wall biogenesis is involved in the induction of systemic disease resistance, an idea which was supported by the induction of disease resistance by treatment with a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor and alterations of cell-wall composition.These findings suggest that chitin-induced systemic disease resistance in rice is caused by a perturbation of cell-wall biogenesis in leaves through long-distance signalling after recognition of chitins by OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP.

scholarly journals Conservation of N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid-mediated systemic acquired resistance in crop plants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Holmes ◽  
Yun-Chu Chen ◽  
Elizabeth Sattely ◽  
Mary Beth Mudgett
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Pipecolic Acid ◽  
List Type ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Plant Kingdom ◽  
Promising Strategy

SUMMARYSignal propagation and the coordination of whole-organism responses in plants rely heavily on small molecules. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is one such process in which long-distance signaling activates immune responses in uninfected tissue as a way to limit the spread of a primary, localized infection. Recently, N-hydroxy pipecolic acid (NHP) was discovered and shown to coordinate SAR in Arabidopsis. Here, we provide metabolic and biochemical evidence that NHP is conserved across the plant kingdom and demonstrate a role for NHP in mediating SAR responses in tomato and pepper. We reconstituted the NHP biosynthetic pathway in planta and show that transient expression of two NHP biosynthetic genes in tomato induces enhanced resistance to a bacterial pathogen in distal tissue. Our results suggest engineering strategies to induce NHP-mediated SAR are a promising route to improve broad-spectrum pathogen resistance in crops.IN BRIEFEngineering NHP production is a promising strategy to enhance disease resistance in crops.HIGHLIGHTSArabidopsis N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP) pathway is conserved across the plant kingdomApplication of NHP to tomato and pepper plants induces a robust SAR responseMetabolic engineering of the Arabidopsis NHP pathway in Solanum lycopersicum leads to enhanced NHP production and defense primingGenetic engineering for enhanced NHP production is a promising strategy to protect crop plants from multiple pathogens

scholarly journals Expedited Assessment of Terrestrial Arthropod Diversity by Coupling Malaise Traps with DNA Barcoding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR deWaard ◽  
V Levesque-Beaudin ◽  
SL deWaard ◽  
NV Ivanova ◽  
JTA McKeown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
National Park ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
List Type ◽  
Arthropod Diversity ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Data Release ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Malaise Traps

SummaryMonitoring changes in terrestrial arthropod communities over space and time requires a dramatic increase in the speed and accuracy of processing samples that cannot be achieved with morphological approaches.The combination of DNA barcoding and Malaise traps allows expedited, comprehensive inventories of species abundance whose cost will rapidly decline as high-throughput sequencing technologies advance.Aside from detailing protocols from specimen sorting to data release, this paper describes their use in a survey of arthropod diversity in a national park that examined 20,000 specimens representing 2200 species.These protocols can support arthropod monitoring programs at regional, national, and continental scales.

scholarly journals Servizi ecosistemici in chiave progettuale e proattiva

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Alice Franchina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
Analytical Attitude ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Commodification Of Nature ◽  
Service Paradigm

Having ascertained that the ecosystem service paradigm is a scientific rather than a “natural” one, the text criticizes the purely analytical attitude with which it is usually used; such an attitude, together with the dominance of a purely economic evaluation, is hiding the risk of a real commodification of nature. This highlights the need to progress towards the use of the ecosystem service instrument within a transformative design framework, aiming at social equity, and which adopts an inclusive evaluation system of the local actors.

scholarly journals Physiological regulation of bud burst in grapevine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Signorelli ◽  
Jeremy Shaw ◽  
Dina Hermawaty ◽  
Zi Wang ◽  
Pieter Verboven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Structural Heterogeneity ◽  
Eosin Y ◽  
List Type ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Tissue Oxygen ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Oxygen Status ◽  
Grapevine Buds

AbstractThe physiological constraints on bud burst in woody perennials, including the prerequisite for vascular development remain unresolved. Both light and tissue oxygen status have emerged as important cues for vascular development in other systems, however, light requirement appears to be facultative in grapevine, and the information related to the spatial variability of oxygen in buds is unclear. Here, we analysed apoplastic development at early stages of grapevine bud burst and combined molecular modelling with histochemical techniques to determine the pore size of cell walls in grapevine buds. The data demonstrate that quiescent grapevine buds were impermeable to apoplastic dyes (acid fuchsin and eosin Y) until after bud burst was established. The molecular exclusion size was calculated to be 2.1 nm, which would exclude most macromolecules except simple sugars and phytohormones. In vivo experiments show that grapevine buds were able to resume growth even following excision from the cane, and that the outer scales of grapevine buds may participate in the biochemical repression of bud burst. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the tissue oxygen partial pressure data correlated well with structural heterogeneity within the bud and differences in tissue density. These data consolidate evidence that the meristematic core becomes rapidly oxygenated during bud burst. Taken together, and when put in the context of earlier studies, these data provide solid evidence that the physiological and biochemical events that initiate bud burst reside within the bud, and question the role of long distance signalling in this developmental transition.HighlightsThe apoplastic pore size between the grapevine bud and the mother vine is dynamically regulated in the transition to bud burst.The molecular exclusion size of the apoplastic connection between the bud and cane is calculated 2.1 nm prior to the initiation of bud burst.The structural heterogeneity of the bud explains the spatial variance in tissue oxygen status, and the meristematic core is oxygenated during the initiation of bud burst.Long distance maternal signals are not a requirement for bud burst.

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