scholarly journals Ingestive behaviour of grazing ruminants: meta-analysis of the components linking bite mass to daily intake

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boval ◽  
D. Sauvant
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Behavioural Adaptation ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Ingestive Behaviour

AbstractThis meta-analysis shed light on the quantitative adaptive responses of feeding behaviour of Cattle (C) and Small Ruminants (SR), facing variations of sward characteristics, notably of sward height (SH, 18. 7 ± 13.9 cm) and herbage bulk density (HBD, 1.73 ± 1.30 kg DM / m3). All responses expressed a plateau stressing an adaptive limit with extreme values of SH and HBD. The minimum plateau of BR (46.9 ± 14.6 min-1) is around 40 min-1, while IR values (different for C and SR, respectively 69.1 ± 38.1 vs. 99.9 ± 45.7 g/min/kg BW) ranged between a minimum and maximum plateau around 50 and 100 g/min/kg BW. Two other pasture management factors affect IR, namely forage allowance (10.16 ± 6.0, DM % BW) and daily proportion of time spent grazing (0.30 ± 0.08). The results obtained confirm the specifically key role of BM (1.80 ± 127 mg DM/kg BW) on IR. The regressions are IR=145 (1-exp (-b BM), b being equal respectively for C and SR and C to 0.44 vs. 0.54. This literature review has also revealed fundamental differences in behaviour between C and SR although no study to date has attempted to compare them simultaneously. SR have to chew more (2.7 ± 1.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.5 JM/bite) to ingest the same amount of DM per bite than C, expressed in relation to BW, which allow them to ingest slightly quickly.ImplicationsThis article, following the previous one of Boval and Sauvant (2019), proposes a quantitative appraisal of the ingestive behaviour of grazing ruminants, based on studies published over 40 years, as well as well robust average values and relationships, considering inter- and intra-study effects and animal species specificities. This knowledge should contribute to a better overall understanding of the behavioural adaptation of ruminants at pasture, to the identification of key threshold values and appropriate parameters of interest to be considered, and to improve the efficiency and sensitivity of automatic devices, which are booming in the context of precision livestock farming at pasture.

scholarly journals Sward structural characteristics and ingestive behaviour of beef heifers in a Pearl Millet pasture

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1668-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Baptaglin Montagner ◽  
Marta Gomes da Rocha ◽  
Teresa Cristina Moraes Genro ◽  
Fernando Luiz Ferreira de Quadros ◽  
Juliano Roman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Ingestive Behaviour

Ingestive behaviour of beef heifers and sward structural characteristics of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete design following a repeated measure arrangement (three experimental periods) with three replications of two leaf blade masses (600 and 1,000 kg/ha DM), which were maintained using continuous grazing with variable stocking rate. The variables measured were sward height, herbage mass, leaf blade and stem bulk density in sward vertical strata (sward structural characteristics), grazing, idling, rumination time and bite rate of heifers (ingestive behaviour). Bite rate was modified by pasture management and was lower when the leaf blade mass was 1,000 kg/ha DM. The daily grazing, rumination and idling time of beef heifers were similar for both leaf blade masses. Structural variation of the sward, during the experimental period, altered the grazing, rumination and idling time of heifers, and affected the bite rate. In Southern Brazil, the beef heifers concentrate their grazing activities in the 12 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. period, decreasing the grazing between 12 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., even in the hottest season of the year.

Short-term ingestive behaviour of cattle grazing tropical stoloniferous grasses with contrasting growth forms

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HIRATA ◽  
E. KUNIEDA ◽  
M. TOBISA
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Jaw Movement ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ingestive Behaviour

SUMMARYRelationships between sward height and short-term ingestive behaviour of cattle were examined for two tropical stoloniferous grasses with contrasting growth forms: centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro) Hack.; (CG); strongly prostrate) and bahia grass (Paspalum notatumFlügge; (BG); more erect). Turves (500×500 mm) were extracted from field monoculture swards of each grass after the varying duration of re-growth, and presented to animals for a short period (10 bites) to measure bite dimensions (area, depth and volume), bite mass, time per bite and intake rate. In the same re-growth period, CG was always shorter and denser than BG. Bite dimensions, the bite mass and the intake rate of animals increased at a declining rate as the sward height increased for both grasses, showing a tendency for a steeper initial increase, an earlier plateau and a lower maximum in CG than in BG. Due to the difference in the shape of the intake rate response, animals on BG were estimated to require a longer grazing time than those on CG to attain the same daily herbage intake, when the sward is shorter than about 200 mm. The sward height below which the daily intake of animals may be restricted was lower for CG (61–70 mm) than for BG (71–92 mm). The results indicate an advantage of strongly prostrated, highly dense grasses (e.g. CG) over more erect, less dense grasses (e.g. BG) when grazed at a relatively low height (<200 mm). In relation to increasing bite mass, the time per bite pooled over CG and BG was constant until the bite mass reached a critical value (0·55 g dry matter (DM)) and thereafter increased linearly with the bite mass, confirming that cattle are able to perform compound jaw movements that gather herbage into the mouth (manipulative jaw movement) and chew herbage already in the mouth (chewing jaw movement) within one cycle of opening and closing of the jaws.

scholarly journals Worldwide Prevalence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Ricardo de Miguel ◽  
Marta Arrieta ◽  
Ana Rodríguez-Largo ◽  
Irache Echeverría ◽  
Raúl Resendiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are highly prevalent retroviruses with significant genetic diversity and antigenic heterogeneity that cause a progressive wasting disease of sheep called Maedi-visna. This work provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 40 years (1981–2020) of scientific publications on SRLV individual and flock prevalence. Fifty-eight publications and 314 studies were included. Most articles used a single diagnostic test to estimate prevalence (77.6%), whereas articles using three or more tests were scarce (6.9%). Serological tests are more frequently used than direct methods and ELISA has progressively replaced AGID over the last decades. SRLV infection in sheep is widespread across the world, with Europe showing the highest individual prevalence (40.9%) and being the geographical area in which most studies have been performed. Africa, Asia, and North America show values between 16.7% to 21.8% at the individual level. South and Central America show the lowest individual SRLV prevalence (1.7%). There was a strong positive correlation between individual and flock prevalence (ρ = 0.728; p ≤ 0.001). Despite the global importance of small ruminants, the coverage of knowledge on SRLV prevalence is patchy and inconsistent. There is a lack of a gold standard method and a defined sampling strategy among countries and continents.

scholarly journals Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Abd El-Tawab ◽  
I.M.I. Youssef ◽  
H.A. Bakr ◽  
G.C. Fthenakis ◽  
N.D. Giadinis
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Research On Application

AbstractSmall ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm systems and agriculture. Feed is the main component of livestock farming, which has gained special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to improve feed utilisation through addition of feed additives. For a long period, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their ban in many countries, search for alternative feed additives has been intensified. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognised to be safe to the animals. Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improved growth performance through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilise rumen pH, increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilising protozoa, resulting in a highly efficient rumen function. Furthermore, use of probiotics has been found to increase milk production and can reduce incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. However, actual mechanisms through which probiotics exert these functions are not known. Since research on application of probiotics in small ruminants is scarce, the present review attempts to discuss the potential roles of this class of feed additives on productive performance and health status of these animals.

scholarly journals PSII-17 Program Chair Poster Pick: Effect of ruminal protozoa on methane emissions in ruminants – a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 397-398
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Dai ◽  
Kenneth Kalscheur ◽  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Antonio Faciola
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The effects of ruminal protozoa (RP) concentration on methane emissions from ruminants were evaluated in a meta-analysis using 67 publications reporting data from 85 in vivo experiments. Experiments included in the database reported methane emissions (g/kg DMI) and RP (log10 cells/mL) from the same group of animals. Quantitative data including diet chemical composition, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production; and qualitative information including methane mitigation strategies, animal type, and methane measurement methods were also collected. The studies were conducted in dairy cows (51%), beef steers (32%) and small ruminants (32%). 70% of the studies reported a reduction in methane emissions. Supplemental lipids reduced methane emissions 95% of the time. The relationship between methane emissions and RP concentration was evaluated as a random coefficient model with the experiment as a random effect and weighted by the inverse pooled SEM squared, including the possibility of covariance between the slope and the intercept. A quadratic effect of RP concentration on methane emissions was detected: CH4= -28.8 + 12.2 × RP-0.64 × RP2. To detect potential interfering factors in the relationship, the influence of several qualitative and quantitative factors were separately tested. Acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate molar proportions had positive relationships with methane emissions and influenced the relationship between RP concentration and methane emissions, where the presence of ruminal fermentation variables reduced the effects of RP concentration in methane emissions. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and CP had negative relationships while NDF digestibility had a positive relationship with methane emissions; however, they only changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship. For dairy cows, milk fat and protein concentrations had positive relationships and milk yield had a negative relationship with methane emissions and changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship.

Impact of energy and protein on the gastro-intestinal parasitism of small ruminants: A meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 34-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ceï ◽  
N. Salah ◽  
G. Alexandre ◽  
J.C. Bambou ◽  
H. Archimède
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Intestinal Parasitism

scholarly journals Reviews and Syntheses: Responses of coccolithophores to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1671-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Meyer ◽  
U. Riebesell
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ecological Fitness ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gephyrocapsa Oceanica

Abstract. Concerning their sensitivity to ocean acidification, coccolithophores, a group of calcifying single-celled phytoplankton, are one of the best-studied groups of marine organisms. However, in spite of the large number of studies investigating coccolithophore physiological responses to ocean acidification, uncertainties still remain due to variable and partly contradictory results. In the present study we have used all existing data in a meta-analysis to estimate the effect size of future pCO2 changes on the rates of calcification and photosynthesis and the ratio of particulate inorganic to organic carbon (PIC / POC) in different coccolithophore species. Our results indicate that ocean acidification has a negative effect on calcification and the cellular PIC / POC ratio in the two most abundant coccolithophore species: Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. In contrast, the more heavily calcified species Coccolithus braarudii did not show a distinct response when exposed to elevated pCO2/reduced pH. Photosynthesis in Gephyrocapsa oceanica was positively affected by high CO2, while no effect was observed for the other coccolithophore species. There was no indication that the method of carbonate chemistry manipulation was responsible for the inconsistent results regarding observed responses in calcification and the PIC / POC ratio. The perturbation method, however, appears to affect photosynthesis, as responses varied significantly between total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) manipulations. These results emphasize that coccolithophore species respond differently to ocean acidification, both in terms of calcification and photosynthesis. Where negative effects occur, they become evident at CO2 levels in the range projected for this century in the case of unabated CO2 emissions. As the data sets used in this meta-analysis do not account for adaptive responses, ecological fitness and ecosystem interactions, the question remains as to how these physiological responses play out in the natural environment.

Tuberculosis in small ruminants and dromedary camels in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 105181
Author(s):  
Kassahun Asmare ◽  
Berhanu Sibhat ◽  
Kassa Demissie ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo ◽  
Eystein Skjerve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Dromedary Camels

Risk factors and geospatial modelling for the presence of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep and goat farms in the Greek temperate Mediterranean environment

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (7) ◽  
pp. 926-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. KANTZOURA ◽  
M. K. KOUAM ◽  
N. DEMIRIS ◽  
H. FEIDAS ◽  
G. THEODOROPOULOS
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Geospatial Modelling

SUMMARYRisk factors related to herd and farmer status, farm and pasture management, and environmental factors derived by satellite data were examined for their association with the prevalence of F. hepatica in sheep and goat farms in Thessaly, Greece. Twelve farms (16·2%) and 58 farms (78·4%) of 74 had evidence of infection using coproantigen and serology respectively. The average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of farm location for 12 months before sampling was the most significant environmental risk factor for F. hepatica infection based on high seropositivity. The risk of infection increased by 1% when the value of NDVI increased by 0·01 degree. A geospatial map was constructed to show the relative risk (RR) of Fasciola infection in sheep and goat farms in Thessaly. In addition, geospatial maps of the model-based predicted RR for the presence of Fasciola infection in farms in Thessaly and the entire area of Greece were constructed from the developed model based on NDVI. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Thessaly should be regarded as an endemic region for Fasciola infection and it represents the first prediction model of Fasciola infection in small ruminants in the Mediterranean basin.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document