scholarly journals How to characterise shared space use networks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klara M. Wanelik ◽  
Damien R. Farine
Keyword(s):  
Space Use ◽  
New Method ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
The Real ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Real Network ◽  
Shared Space ◽  
Sampling Regime ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTStudying the social behaviour of small or cryptic species often relies on constructing space-sharing networks from sparse point-based observations of individuals. Such an approach assumes that individuals that have greater shared space use will also interact more. However, there is very little guidance on how much data are required to construct meaningful space-sharing networks, or on how to interpret the relationships generated from such networks. In this study, we quantify the robustness of space-sharing networks to different sampling regimes, providing much needed guidance for informing the choice of sampling regime when designing studies to accurately quantify space sharing. We then describe the characteristics of space use in a wild population of field voles (Microtus agrestis), and use this empirical dataset to develop a new method for generating shared space use networks which are generally more strongly correlated with the real network, differ less from the real network and are more powerful to detect effects present in the real network. Our method pools data among individuals to estimate a general home range profile for a given set of individuals.Combining these profiles with the individual-level observation data then allows us to better estimate their overlap in space and requires less data. Our new method provides the potential to generate meaningful space-sharing networks, and in doing so, to address a range of key questions in ecology and evolution, even when point-based observations of individuals are sparse.

Allostasis and metastasis: The yin and yang of childhood self-regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Samuel V. Wass
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
The Real ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion ◽  
Dynamical Principle

Abstract Most research has studied self-regulation by presenting experimenter-controlled test stimuli and measuring change between baseline and stimulus. In the real world, however, stressors do not flash on and off in a predetermined sequence, and there is no experimenter controlling things. Rather, the real world is continuous and stressful events can occur through self-sustaining interactive chain reactions. Self-regulation is an active process through which we adaptively select which aspects of the social environment we attend to from one moment to the next. Here, we describe this dynamic interactive process by contrasting two mechanisms that underpin it: the “yin” and “yang” of self-regulation. The first mechanism is allostasis, the dynamical principle underlying self-regulation, through which we compensate for change to maintain homeostasis. This involves upregulating in some situations and downregulating in others. The second mechanism is metastasis, the dynamical principle underling dysregulation. Through metastasis, small initial perturbations can become progressively amplified over time. We contrast these processes at the individual level (i.e., examining moment-to-moment change in one child, considered independently) and also at the inter-personal level (i.e., examining change across a dyad, such as a parent–child dyad). Finally, we discuss practical implications of this approach in improving the self-regulation of emotion and cognition, in typical development and psychopathology.

Surrogate endpoints for overall survival (OS) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): Evaluation using individual data of 23,737 patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6035-6035
Author(s):  
S. Michiels ◽  
A. Le Maître ◽  
M. Buyse ◽  
T. Burzykowski ◽  
J. Bogaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Surrogate Endpoint ◽  
Bivariate Distribution ◽  
Surrogate Endpoints ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

6035 Background: The gold standard endpoint in randomized trials of HNSCC is OS. Our objective was to study if event-free survival (EFS) or loco-regional control (LRC) could be good surrogate endpoints to estimate the effect of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) on OS. This would permit to decrease the duration and cost of the development of new treatments for HNSCC. Methods: EFS is the time from randomization to first event (loco-regional, distant recurrence or death), LRC the time from randomization to first loco-regional event. Individual patient data from two meta-analyses (MARCH; Bourhis, Lancet 2006, MACH-NC; Bourhis, ASCO 2004) were used. At the individual level, the rank correlation coefficient ρ between the surrogate endpoint (EFS or LRC) and OS was estimated from the bivariate distribution of these endpoints. At the trial level, the correlation coefficient R between treatment effects (estimated by log hazard ratios) on the surrogate endpoint and OS was estimated from a linear regression. EFS and LRC would be acceptable surrogates only if the correlation coefficients ρ and R were close to 1. Results: At the individual level, EFS was more strongly correlated with OS than LRC. For RT, treatment effects on both LRC and EFS were strongly correlated with those on OS. For CT, the correlation coefficients between treatment effects on EFS and OS were larger than those between LRC and OS. Conclusions: The preliminary analysis indicates that EFS can be used as a surrogate for OS to evaluate the treatment effect in randomized trials of patients with HNSCC. LRC is a possible alternative in RT alone trials. Unrestricted grants from ARC, LNCC, PHRC, Sanofi-Aventis. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Boundary emergence in inter-organizational innovation

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernille Smith
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Innovation ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Uncertainty Reduction ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual

Purpose – Inter-organizational innovation is becoming an attractive development form in view of the complexity of many of today’s innovations. However, inter-organizational innovation does not often lead to the desired results. To understand this paradoxical situation, the purpose of this paper is to examine a high-novelty R & D collaboration between multiple organizations with focus on the occurrence of knowledge boundaries and their underlying mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on a grounded longitudinal study of an inter-organizational R & D team. Participant observation data, interviews, and document data have been collected over three years. Findings – The study identified six different knowledge boundaries characterized by processes of sensemaking, strategizing, and group identification. These three processes were all rooted in continuous attempts at the individual level to reduce uncertainty, and the findings therefore highlight the unexpected consequences of uncertainty reduction. Uncertainty reduction through sensemaking, strategizing, and group identification may reduce the uncertainty at the individual level but also provoke the emergence of knowledge boundaries at the team level, thereby impeding knowledge exchange. Furthermore, the knowledge integration literature highlights that knowledge boundaries are relational, but the identification of a cognitive boundary indicates that some problems are so complex that a knowledge boundary is delimited to the single individual. Originality/value – Most research on knowledge boundaries has focussed on the elimination of knowledge boundaries through boundary objects and boundary spanners, but only little attention has been given to the underlying mechanisms of boundary emergence and dynamics. In this paper, it is argued that to efficiently manage knowledge boundaries, an understanding of their underlying mechanisms is needed.

scholarly journals Astrogliosis mapping in individual brains using multidimensional MRI

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Benjamini ◽  
David S Priemer ◽  
Daniel P Perl ◽  
David L brody ◽  
Peter J Basser
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Spatial Sensitivity ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Histological Images ◽  
The Individual

There are currently no noninvasive imaging methods available for astrogliosis mapping in the central nervous system despite its essential role in the response to injury, disease, and infection. We have developed a machine learning-based multidimensional MRI framework that provides a signature of astrogliosis, distinguishing it from normative brain at the individual level. We investigated ex vivo cortical tissue specimen derived from subjects who sustained blast induced injuries, which resulted in scar-border forming astrogliosis without being accompanied by other types of neuropathology. By performing a combined postmortem radiology and histopathology correlation study we found that astrogliosis induces microstructural changes that are robustly detected using our framework, resulting in MRI neuropathology maps that are significantly and strongly correlated with co-registered histological images of increased glial fibrillary acidic protein deposition. The demonstrated high spatial sensitivity in detecting reactive astrocytes at the individual level has great potential to significantly impact neuroimaging studies in diseases, injury, repair, and aging.

scholarly journals Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2080-2088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne J. Kelson ◽  
Michael R. Miller ◽  
Tasha Q. Thompson ◽  
Sean M. O’Rourke ◽  
Stephanie M. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specific Genomic Region

Partial migration is a common phenomenon wherein populations include migratory and resident individuals. Whether an individual migrates or not has important ecological and management implications, particularly within protected populations. Within partially migratory populations of Oncorhynchus mykiss, migration is highly correlated with a specific genomic region, but it is unclear how well this region predicts migration at the individual level. Here, we relate sex and life history genotype, determined using >400 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the migratory-linked genomic region, to life history expression of marked juvenile O. mykiss from two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, northern California. Most resident fish were resident genotypes (57% resident, 37% heterozygous, 6% migratory genotype) and male (78%). Most migratory fish were female (62%), but were a mixture of genotypes (30% resident, 45% heterozygous, 25% migratory genotype). Sex was more strongly correlated with life history expression than genotype, but the best-supported model included both. Resident genotypes regularly migrated, highlighting the importance of conserving the full suite of life history and genetic diversity in partially migratory populations.

scholarly journals Trophic and individual efficiencies of size-structured communities

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1654) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.H Andersen ◽  
J.E Beyer ◽  
P Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Size

Individual and trophic efficiencies of size-structured communities are derived from mechanistically based principles at the individual level. The derivations are relevant for communities with a size-based trophic structure, i.e. where trophic level is strongly correlated with individual size as in many aquatic systems. The derivations are used to link Lindeman's trophic theory and trophic theory based on average individuals with explicit individual-level size spectrum theory. The trophic efficiency based on the transfer of mass between trophic levels through predator–prey interactions is demonstrated to be valid only when somatic growth can be ignored. Taking somatic growth into account yields an average individual growth efficiency that is smaller than the trophic efficiency.

Allostasis and metastasis: the yin and yang of childhood self-regulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Wass
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion

Most research has studied self-regulation by presenting experimenter-controlled test stimuli and measuring change between a baseline period and the stimulus. But in the real world we are not passive recipients of discrete chunks of external stimulation, to which we in turn respond; rather, the real world is continuous and we self-regulate by adaptively selecting which aspects of the social environment that we attend to from one moment to the next. Here, we contrast two dynamic processes that guide this process – the ‘yin’ and ‘yang’ of self-regulation. First, allostasis, through which we dynamically compensate for change to maintain homeostasis. This involves upregulating in some situations and downregulating in others. And second, metastasis, the dynamical principle underling dysregulation. Through metastasis, small initial fluctuations can become progressively amplified over time. We contrast these processes at the individual level (i.e. by examining moment-to-moment change in one child, considered independently) and also at the inter-personal level (i.e. by examining change across a dyad, such as a parent-child dyad). Finally, we discuss practical implications of this approach in improving the self-regulation of emotion and cognition, in typical development and psychopathology.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

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