Average energy losses of reflected and transmitted particles in the case of a grazing incident beam striking a flat scatterer of finite thickness

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Kuzovlev ◽  
V. S. Remizovich
Keyword(s):  
Finite Thickness ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Energy Losses

THE ENERGY LOSS, THE DETERIORATION DEPTH, AND THE LIGHT OUTPUT FOR HEAVY IONS IN ZnO:Zn

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 4039-4051 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hastings ◽  
A. van Wijngaarden
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Heavy Ions ◽  
Light Output ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Beams ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Low Energy Ions ◽  
Total Average

Local regions on the surface of ZnO:Zn phosphor samples were deteriorated by a large number of low-energy ions. In this manner thin films which did not luminesce under ion bombardment were prepared. The phosphor samples were then scanned across energetic ion beams with sufficient energy to traverse the thin phosphor films. By comparing the luminescent response to this ion excitation in the damaged and undamaged portions of the phosphor surface, the total average energy losses of 1H, 4He, 14N, 40Ar, and 84Kr in passing through the films were determined. It was found that the energy losses for the heavier projectiles, when compared with the energy loss of hydrogen, are appreciably smaller than the energy losses predicted by the Lindhard and Scharff theory.The deterioration depth of the phosphor under prolonged bombardment is proportional to the speed of the damaging projectiles.

scholarly journals In situX-ray beam imaging using an off-axis magnifying coded aperture camera system

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Kachatkou ◽  
Nicholas Kyele ◽  
Peter Scott ◽  
Roelof van Silfhout
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Impulse Response ◽  
Finite Thickness ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Coded Aperture ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Image Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Imaging Model ◽  
Image Blur

An imaging model and an image reconstruction algorithm for a transparent X-ray beam imaging and position measuring instrument are presented. The instrument relies on a coded aperture camera to record magnified images of the footprint of the incident beam on a thin foil placed in the beam at an oblique angle. The imaging model represents the instrument as a linear system whose impulse response takes into account the image blur owing to the finite thickness of the foil, the shape and size of camera's aperture and detector's point-spread function. The image reconstruction algorithm first removes the image blur using the modelled impulse response function and then corrects for geometrical distortions caused by the foil tilt. The performance of the image reconstruction algorithm was tested in experiments at synchrotron radiation beamlines. The results show that the proposed imaging system produces images of the X-ray beam cross section with a quality comparable with images obtained using X-ray cameras that are exposed to the direct beam.

scholarly journals Reducing the energy consumption of the conveyor transport system of mining enterprises

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 00036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Kiriia ◽  
Leonid Shyrin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Load Flow ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Energy Capacity ◽  
Efficiency Criterion

The article deals with the actual issue of reducing the energy consumption of the mining enterprises conveyor transport system. The analysis of energy loss by conveyor belt during transportation of bulk load is given. A comparative analysis of energy losses in the cases of regulation and non-regulation of the speed of the conveyor belt is given. It was found that when regulating the speed of conveyor belt in the case of reducing the value of the load flow entering to the conveyor by half the loss of electricity for the transportation of load is reduced by 30 % compared to the unregulated speed of the belt. The energy efficiency criterion of the conveyor transport system is determined, which coincides with the specific energy capacity equal to the ratio of the average energy capacity of the transportation of load to the transport system average carrying capacity. It has also been established that for conveyor transport systems conveyor– bunker–conveyor, taking into account the downtime of conveyor equipment while regulating the speed of conveyor, energy losses are reduced by 23 %. The research results can be used to create a computer control system for the operation of conveyor transport systems.

scholarly journals Energy losses of electrons in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

1930 ◽  
Vol 130 (812) ◽  
pp. 182-196 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Nitrogen Molecule ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Characteristic Energy ◽  
Sheet Copper ◽  
The One

In a previous paper published in these 'Proceedings' a report was given of some measurements on the energy losses suffered by electrons in nitrogen at pressures sufficiently low to ensure that practically only single collisions would take place. Electrons of homogeneous speed drawn from a hot cathode were fired through the gas and the velocity distribution in the emergent beam subsequently analysed by a combination of one longitudinal and one transversal electric field, the latter of a kind which would give refocussing of a slightly divergent incident beam at the entrance slit of the electron detector. The two most prominent characteristic energy losses observed in nitrogen were shown to be associated with energy levels known form the absorption spectrum of the nitrogen molecule in the far ultra-violet. The present investigation is an extension of this work to the two gases carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The former of these two was chosen as a typical diatomic gas, the energy levels of which are now fairly well known through the work of several investigators in recent years. Carbon dioxide was studied in addition to this, in view of the possibility that traces of this gas could have been formed from the carbon monoxide in contact with the hot cathode in the experiments with the latter gas. The experimental arrangements remained essentially the same as in the case of nitrogen. The tube was the one described in the previous paper referred to. The primary slit S 1 of sheet copper, which had been contaminated by mercury in the meantime when the tube was left standing without cooling the traps, was now replaced by a similar slit made of sheet silver. The cathode was coated with a mixture of barium and strontium oxides. As in the case of nitrogen all measurements were made with the gas continuously flowing through the apparatus, the pressure readings referring to the conditions in the tube through which the gas was admitted to the collision space.

scholarly journals Predicting metabolisable energy in commercial rat diets: physiological fuel values may be misleading

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1525-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Bielohuby ◽  
Karin Bodendorf ◽  
Heinz Brandstetter ◽  
Martin Bidlingmaier ◽  
Ellen Kienzle
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Pig Feed ◽  
Predicted Values

Knowledge about metabolisable energy (ME) intake is crucial for various experimental settings in rodent studies. ME considers faecal and renal energy losses. In particular, faecal energy excretion can vary considerably between differentially composed diets. Thus determination of faecal energy losses, i.e. apparent energy digestibility, is the most important experimental approach to determine ME. Predictive equations for ME such as Atwater factors or an equation for pigs, which are frequently employed for rodent feed, consider an average energy digestibility for nutrients and average renal losses for protein. Both equations, however, were never validated for rat feed. We therefore determined experimentally the digestibility of energy (experimentally determined digestible energy − 5·2 kJ/g digestible protein) and nutrients of eleven natural and five purified rat diets and compared the present results with the predicted values. Compared with natural diets, digestibility of gross energy (GE) and nutrients was higher by about 20 % in the purified diets (P < 0·0001). Mean GE digestibility in natural diets amounted to 71·4 % (range 53·3–83·5 %;n11). Atwater factors predicted ME with satisfactory accuracy in purified diets. In contrast, for natural diets, only the equation for pig feed gave acceptable estimates of ME. Choosing an inappropriate predictive equation for ME resulted in considerable error. For prediction of ME in mixed rat feed, we propose to use the equation for pig feed for natural diets and Atwater factors for purified diets. If the equation for pig feed cannot be applied we suggest using the lower modified Atwater factors instead of the ‘original’ Atwater factors to estimate the ME of a diet.

A semiempirical expression for calculating average energy losses by heavy ions in matter

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Potemkin ◽  
V. V. Smirnov ◽  
V. V. Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Ions ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Energy Losses

scholarly journals Прохождение электронов с энергией 10 keV через массив диэлектрических каналов

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
К.А. Вохмянина ◽  
Л.В. Мышеловка ◽  
Д.А. Колесников ◽  
В.С. Сотникова ◽  
А.А. Каплий ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Beam Axis ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Channel Diameter ◽  
Inner Channel

The passage of 10 keV electron beam through a bundle of a hollow polysulfone fiber with an inner channel diameter of 160 ± 60 μm was studied. Dependence of a fraction of the electron beam transmitted through the channels on the tilt angle of the channels relative to the incident beam axis is measured. The fraction of electrons that experienced energy losses of less than 10% after passing through the channels was estimated.

THE ENERGY LOSS OF HEAVY IONS IN ZnS:Ag IN THE keV ENERGY RANGE

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 2333-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hastings ◽  
P. R. Ryall ◽  
A. van Wijngaarden
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Heavy Ions ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Beams ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Low Energy Ions ◽  
Total Average

Local spots on the surface of ZnS:Ag phosphor samples were deteriorated by a large number (~5 × 1013 ions per cm2) of low-energy ions. In this manner thin films which did not luminesce under ion bombardment were prepared. These phosphor samples were scanned across energetic ion beams with sufficient energy to traverse the thin phosphor films. By comparing the luminescent response to this ion excitation in the damaged and undamaged portions of the phosphor surface the total average energy losses of 1H, 4He, 14N, 40Ar, and 84Kr, in passing through the films, were determined. It was found that the energy losses for the heavier projectiles, when compared with the energy loss for hydrogen, are appreciably smaller than those predicted by the Lindhard and Scharff theory.

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