Private tutoring and the subjective rationalities of parents: the experiences in South Korea and Singapore

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene Tan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Process And Outcome ◽  
Shed Light

PurposeThis article proposes a model of subjective rationalities to shed light on the global phenomenon of parental reliance on private tutoring for their children. The model is illustrated using the examples of the rational decision-making process and outcome of parents with regards to enrolling their children in private tutoring in South Korea and Singapore.Design/methodology/approachThis is a theoretical paper that relies on a critical review of official documents, academic publications and newspaper reports.FindingsThis article proposes an original model to shed light on the global phenomenon of parental reliance on private tutoring for their children. The model highlights the following: the dynamic interactions between parents, education policy and private tutoring; the active role of private tutoring providers; and the socio-culturally embedded and complex nature of educational decisions.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a conceptual paper that proposes a theoretical model, so there is no empirical data.Originality/valueThis article fills an existing research gap on the dynamic interactions between the parents, education policy and private tutoring. It offers an original model that illuminates the rational decision-making process and outcome of parents that pertains to private tutoring for their children.

Evidence on rationality and behavioural biases in investment decision making

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Nisha Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Significant Implication ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between rational decision-making and behavioural biases among individual investors in India, as well as to examine the influence of demographic variables on rational decision-making process and how those differences manifest themselves in the form of behavioural biases. Design/methodology/approach Using a structured questionnaire, a total of 386 valid responses have been collected from May to October 2015. Statistical techniques like t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test have been used in this study. Structural equation modelling (SEM) has been used to analyse the relationship between rational decision-making and behavioural biases. Findings The findings show that the structural path model closely fits the sample data, indicating investors follow a rational decision-making process while investing. However, behavioural biases also arise in different stages of the decision-making process. It further explores that gender and income have a significant difference with respect to rational decision-making process. Male investors are more prone to overconfidence and herding bias in India. Research limitations/implications The findings of the study have significant implication for the individual investors. It is recommended that if individuals are aware about the biases, they may become alert before taking irrational investment decisions. Originality/value To best of the authors’ knowledge, the present study is a first of its kind to investigate the relationship between rational decision-making and behavioural biases among individual investors in India.

scholarly journals The Psychological Puzzle: Contributing Factors to the Top-Down Politicization of Intelligence

Elements ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rational Decision Making

Policy and intelligence are intimately intertwined. Policymakers need intelligence to make decisions, while the intelligence community derives significance from its ability to provide policy makers with reliable information. In this symbiotic relationship, it is healthy for intelligence consumers to at times check and direct the work of intelligence producers. However, if undertaken maliciously, this checking mechanism manifests as top-down politicization. Here, leaders use intelligence post facto to legitimize their policies instead of using it to guide them, reversing the rational decision-making process. Certain factors may compel leaders to manipulate intelligence to reflect their policy preferences. This essay demonstrates how three distinct processes of top-down politicization can arise from ambiguous evidence, the psychology of intelligence consumers, and the nature of the leaders’ political positions and responsibilities. It then proceeds to argue that political leaders’ psychology is the most potent source of top-down politicization.

Influence of age and gender on decision-making models and leadership styles of non-profit executives in Texas, USA

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis C. Uzonwanne
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Decision Making Models

Purpose The purpose of this study is to fill the gap by investigating the relationship between age and other demographics on decision-making and leadership styles of executives in the non-profit sector. Design/methodology/approach This study is a quantitative research using correlation analysis and analysis of variance. The quantitative approach establishes facts, makes predictions and tests stated hypothesis and used the Pearson correlation coefficient, the ANOVA and the two-way analysis of variance. This study used surveys to collect data. Findings H1 states that there will be no significant difference in the decision-making models used among non-profit organizational leaders (rational, intuitive, dependent, spontaneous and avoidant) based on demographic variables: gender and age. H2 states that there will be no significant difference in the leadership style used among non-profit organizational executives (selling, telling, delegating and participating) and different dimensions of demographic variables: gender and age. Research limitations/implications This study explored the relationship between the demographics, age and gender and the decision-making models (rational, intuitive, dependent, spontaneous and avoidant) and leadership styles (selling, telling, delegating and participating) of executives in non-profit organizations. The age of the executives also showed to be important factors that influenced executive’s leadership styles and decision-making models as well. Practical implications Rational decision-making as reflected to in this study has been used by older, possibly more experienced non-profit executives. This model is favorable towards making decisions on complicated issues. The final choice rational decision-makers select will maximize the outcome; it is assumed that the decision-maker will choose the alternative that rates the highest and get the maximum benefits (Robbins and Decenzo, 2003, pp. 141-142). The researcher suggests that non-profit executives, especially the younger executives, should attend management and leadership conferences that focus on rational decision-making models as concerns business strategies and making the best choices based on possible alternatives. Social implications Rational decision-making as reflected to in this study has been used by older, possibly more experienced non-profit executives. This model is favorable towards making decisions on complicated issues. The final choice rational decision-makers select will maximize the outcome; it is assumed that the decision-maker will choose the alternative that rates the highest and get the maximum benefits (Robbins and Decenzo, 2003, pp. 141-142). The researcher suggests that non-profit executives, especially the younger executives, should attend management and leadership conferences that focus on rational decision-making models as concerns business strategies and making the best choices based on possible alternatives. Originality/value This is an original piece of research that contributes to the literature on leadership style.

The Decision to Pollute

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Dawes ◽  
J Delay ◽  
W Chaplin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Commons Dilemma ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mathematical Model

One way of studying the pollution problem is to examine the decision making process in situations in which gain accrues directly to an individual, while loss is spread out across the group of which the individual is a member. Such a situation has been termed a commons dilemma by Lloyd in 1833; it is a variant of the well known prisoner's dilemma. The mathematical model of rational decision making when facing the commons dilemma implies the dismal conclusion that individuals acting rationally will end up by destroying, or nearly destroying, the common wealth. Suggestions are made concerning ways in which people may be persuaded not to pollute our environment.

Fast or slow? Decision-making styles in small family and nonfamily firms

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duarte Pimentel ◽  
Marc Scholten ◽  
Joao Pedro Couto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Family Participation ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Styles

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore differences in the decision-making styles between family and nonfamily firms, while assessing how family participation relates to the use of decision-making styles within family firms. Design/methodology/approach The empirical evidence is provided by a sample of 155 firms, located in the Azores, Portugal, 82 family controlled and 73 nonfamily controlled firms. All firms included in the sample are small-sized privately owned enterprises. Business owners and managers responded to a decision-making styles questionnaire, followed, in the case of family firms, by the report of the number of family members actively involved in the business. Findings Results show that there are no differences in the use of rational decision making between family and nonfamily firms. However, nonfamily firms show higher levels of experiential decision making than family firms. Results also show that family participation plays a key role in guiding the decisional process, by promoting the use experiential decisions and inhibiting the adoption of a rational decision-making styles in family firms. Research limitations/implications From a theoretical perspective, this study opens the door to new research on an under investigated topic in the family business literature. It contributes with initial notions that may help profile the decisional style within small family firms, while revealing how family participation affects it. Thus, creating a fertile ground of discussion that can be an impulse for more research in this area. Practical implications From an applied perspective, assessing the influence of family participation in the adoption of a decisional style is potentially valuable for practitioners as well as for owners and managers. Providing them with clues that may help them better understand the basis of their decisions which can benefit their relations with other family members, as with customers, partners and suppliers that play a key role in the firm’s growth, profitability and adaptability. Social implications From a social point of view, showing that family firms tend to be rational in their decisions may help create a more reputable and credible image surrounding these firms that are sometimes perceived as less professional than nonfamily firms. Thus, a more solid reputability can help improve their relationship with important partner institutions (e.g. financial, governmental), becoming more attractive to private and public investment, which can translate into win-win situations. Originality/value This study responds to a gap in the literature, by exploring the use of experiential vs rational decision-making styles in small family and nonfamily firms. This study also contributes to the understanding of the decision making within family firms, by assessing the role of family participation in the adoption of a decisional style.

scholarly journals Diversity Interventions in the Classroom: From Resistance to Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. ar52
Author(s):  
Dustin B. Thoman ◽  
Melo-Jean Yap ◽  
Felisha A. Herrera ◽  
Jessi L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Classroom Interventions ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Specific Input ◽  
Action Model

The diversity intervention-resistance to action model is presented along with interviews of biology faculty undertaken to understand how resistance to implementing diversity-enhancing classroom interventions manifests at four specific input points within a rational decision-making process that too often results in inaction.

scholarly journals An empirical study of the impact of leadership, virtuousness and decision-making process on effectiveness of Indonesian private universities

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nawaz ◽  
Edi Abdurachman ◽  
Idris Gautama ◽  
Asnan Furinto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Organizational Effectiveness ◽  
Authentic Leadership ◽  
Private Universities ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between servant / authentic leadership, organizational virtuousness, collegial / rational decision-making and organizational effectiveness of the departments at private universities. This study uses 97 faculty members’ data, collected from 78 departments in 17 private universities in Lembaga Layanan Pendidikan Tinggi (LLDikti) III. Structural Equation Modelling - Partial Least Square technique was used to determine statistical significance and path coefficients for the model. The findings indicate that servant leadership significantly affects organizational virtuousness, organizational virtuousness has a significant effect on both collegial / rational decision-making and organizational effectiveness, and organizational virtuousness has a significant effect on organizational effectiveness as well. This research reveals that servant leadership plays a substantial role in developing a virtuous culture, whereas authentic leadership has not contributed to encourage organizational virtuousness in private universities’ departments. Organizational virtuousness practices in departments result in more organizational effectiveness and enable them to exercise collegial / rational decision-making process for the allocation of resources. Moreover, the collegial / rational decision-making approach positively influences the effectiveness of the private universities’ departments. Keywords: Servant Leadership, Authentic Leadership, Organizational Virtuousness, Collegial / Rational Decision-Making, Organizational Effectiveness, Private Universities.

scholarly journals The outsourcing decision-making process: two extensions to the management accounting toolkit

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Lars Bråd Nielsen ◽  
Hanne Nørreklit
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Pragmatic Constructivism ◽  
Outsourcing Decision

In response to a lack of research, this paper explores the type of reasoning that companies use to structure their complex outsourcing decision and the procedures for producing relevant accounting information. Analyzing two manufacturing companies, we uncover two methods for structuring the outsourcing decision-making process and for determining relevant accounting information: an analytical method and an actor-based method rooted in pragmatic constructivism. The two cases show that both strategy and management accounting play an interrelated, crucial role in the decision to outsource. The article adds to the academic literature on calculative decision theory by accentuating the notion of ‘practice’ rational decision-making, where managers have to integrate sensing and reasoning into practical affairs. In practice, the results provide extensions to the management accounting toolkit since these cases can serve as inspiration for structuring the outsourcing decision-making process in similar situations.

The Broken Promise

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozan O. Varol
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Democratic Rule

This chapter analyzes coups that begin with promises of democratic rule but end with the establishment of dictatorship. Some coup makers lose their enthusiasm for democracy for irrational reasons. A successful victory against a dictator can foster self-indulgent fantasies about future possibilities. Although plenty of military leaders irrationally prefer dictatorship out of ignorance or ego, others choose dictatorship in a rational decision-making process. Although the costs of authoritarianism outweigh its benefits for many militaries, for some militaries, that calculus may be reversed. For example, the coup makers may believe that a loyalist dictator will benefit them more than democratic rule. Particularly when they’re confident the dictator will stay loyal to their interests for the long term, the coup makers may throw their support behind a dictator, as opposed to subjecting their future to the vagaries of democratic politics.

scholarly journals A Rational Decision-Making Process with Public Engagement for Designing Public Transport Services: A Real Case Application in Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Cartenì ◽  
Luca D’Acierno ◽  
Mariano Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Sustainable Design ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Public Transport Services

The sustainable design of public transport services is a crucial issue that may affect the economy of local areas and the social inclusion of their inhabitants. Indeed, transport accessibility of households, businesses, and retail activities is one of the main drivers that influence location choices and sustainable development and where the public transport services may play a key (positive) role. Furthermore, the economic crisis of the 2009 and the current ones caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has further limited the funds available for public services, including the transport sector. In this critical context, sound design of public transport services assumes great importance, especially in light of financial constraints. Starting from these considerations, the aim of this paper has been to propose an innovative methodology for designing public transport services based on a rational decision-making process with stakeholder engagement, aiming to perform a sustainable development perspective. The proposed methodology combines technical aspects, social and political issues, equity perspectives, and it is aimed in obtaining a design solution that can be accepted by the whole community. The proposed theoretical design methodology has also been applied to a case study in order to verify its applicability to a real context, consisting of the design of the public transport plan of the province of Foggia in southern Italy. Applications results show that the sustainable design scenario is not only the best ones from a technical point of view, but also participated, equitable, and approved by both policymakers and stakeholders.

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