The shape of creaminess: consumers expected and perceived rounded chocolates as creamier than squared

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iuri Yudi Furukita Baptista ◽  
Fabiana Carvalho ◽  
Priscilla Efraim ◽  
Paulo Túlio de Souza Silveira ◽  
Jorge Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Sensory Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sensory Interactions

PurposeResearch on cross-modal sensory interactions has shown that visual aspects of food can influence consumer's expectation and perception of taste, mouthfeel and liking. This paper aims to investigate the effects of a rounded (“bouba”) and a squared (“kiki”) shape on expected and perceived sweetness, bitterness, creaminess and liking of chocolates.Design/methodology/approachBrazilian consumers (N = 230) divided into two groups of 115 individuals each evaluated five chocolates containing 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70% of cocoa. One of the groups evaluated all formulations in the rounded shape and the other in the squared shape. Results were analysed with mixed multivariate analysis of variance (mixed-MANOVA) between shapes, repeated-measures MANOVA between pre- and post-tasting and Pearson's correlation analysis was performed between liking ratings and sweetness, bitterness and creaminess confirmation/disconfirmation.FindingsThe study found significant effects (p < 0.05) of shape on expected and perceived creaminess but not on other attributes; of cocoa percentage (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70%) on all four attributes; and time (pre- and post-tasting) on sweetness, bitterness and liking but not creaminess. Finally, it found significant negative correlations between the creaminess difference indices and the liking ratings for the 30, 50 and 60% chocolates.Originality/valueThis study reports that consumers may expect and perceive chocolates as creamier in a rounded shape than in an angular shape and that if the expectation of creaminess is not confirmed by sensory perception, acceptability may be negatively affected.

scholarly journals Spot the phish by checking the pruned URL

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Volkamer ◽  
Karen Renaud ◽  
Paul Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Phishing is still a very popular and effective security threat, and it takes, on average, more than a day to detect new phish websites. Protection by purely technical means is hampered by this vulnerability window. During this window, users need to act to protect themselves. To support users in doing so, the paper aims to propose to first make users aware of the need to consult the address bar. Moreover, the authors propose to prune URL displayed in the address bar. The authors report on an evaluation of this proposal. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an online study with 411 participants, judging 16 websites – all with authentic design: half with legitimate and half with phish URLs. The authors applied four popular widely used types of URL manipulation techniques. The authors conducted a within-subject and between-subject study with participants randomly assigned to one of two groups (domain highlighting or pruning). The authors then tested both proposals using a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance. Findings The analysis shows a significant improvement in terms of phish detection after providing the hint to check the address bar. Furthermore, the analysis shows a significant improvement in terms of phish detection after the hint to check the address bar for uninitiated participants in the pruning group, as compared to those in the highlighting group. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalisability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. Practical implications This paper confirms the efficacy of URL pruning and of prompting users to consult the address bar for phish detection. Originality/value This paper introduces a classification for URL manipulation techniques used by phishers. We also provide evidence that drawing people’s attention to the address bar makes them more likely to spot phish websites, but does not impair their ability to identify authentic websites.

Social Desirability as a Variable Affecting Responses on the California Psychological Inventory

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1223-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph A. Ellis ◽  
Dennis W. Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
The Other ◽  
California Psychological Inventory ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Psychological Inventory ◽  
As If

This experiment was designed to show whether social desirability had a contaminating effect on any of the scales of the California Psychological Inventory or on the test as a whole. Subjects were divided into two groups, one of 10 to answer the test honestly and the other of 26 to answer its questions as if applying for a job and wanting to make a good impression. Data show that 10 of the 18 scales and the test as a whole, using multivariate analysis of variance, were not significantly contaminated by social desirability.

scholarly journals Can Releasing Racehorses to Paddocks be Beneficial? Heart Rate Analysis – Preliminary Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Janczarek ◽  
Witold Kędzierski ◽  
Anna Stachurska ◽  
Izabela Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Environment Effect ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Heart Rate Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Study

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the effect of allowing racehorses to use paddocks, on the heart rate (HR). HR was used as a measure of horses’ psychosomatic response to environment effect. The study involved 90 Purebred Arabian horses divided into three groups of equal numbers of stallions and mares. The control group (C) was trained at the racetrack. The other two groups were trained in an off-the-racetrack centre and therefore, they were regularly transported to the races. One of those groups (T) was maintained in the same manner as horses at the racetrack, without access to paddocks. Horses from the other group (TP) were additionally released into a paddock every day. Each horse was examined within five three-week measuring periods, during one training season. HR was registered at rest, during saddling, and while walking with a rider. A multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA, GLM) was used to compare HR. The significance of differences between means was determined using Tukey’s test. HR registered from 2nd to 5th measuring periods during saddling and walking was generally lower in TP than in C. For example, in stallions during saddling, HR amounted to: 54.4±14.7 vs 65.3±12.1, 53.2±13.5 vs 64.4±13.1, 55.4±12.2 vs 65.0±11.0 and 53.4±14.0 vs 66.5±13.8 beats/min, respectively. In T stallions and mares, HR tended to increase when the transportation began which was particularly pronounced at rest. The study revealed that the possibility of turnout into paddocks reduced HR in racehorses, in comparison to horses trained at racetrack. Training for horse racing in an off-the-racetrack centre with the use of paddocks was assessed as beneficial, provided the horses were used to being transported.

Repeated-Measures Designs: Univariate or Multivariate Analysis of Variance?

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-194
Author(s):  
Peter Hassmén
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Alpha Level ◽  
Repeated Measures Designs

Violation of the sphericity assumption in repeated-measures analysis of variance can lead to positively biased tests, i.e., the likelihood of a Type I error exceeds the alpha level set by the user. Two widely applicable solutions exist, the use of an epsilon-corrected univariate analysis of variance or the use of a multivariate analysis of variance. It is argued that the latter method offers advantages over the former.

The Effects of Distractible Child Behavior on Adults in a Problem-Solving Setting

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Osborne Ianna ◽  
Daniel Hallahan ◽  
Richard Q. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Child Behavior ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Adult Behavior ◽  
Educational Implications

Twenty-four women enrolled in undergraduate special education classes interacted with a child confederate while solving three tasks in one of two conditions. In one condition, the child exhibited distractible behavior; in the other the child exhibited similar skill levels but remained on task. Based on videotapes of the sessions, eleven categories of adult behavior and five categories of child behavior were coded. Analysis of the data using multivariate analysis of variance techniques supported the hypothesis that adults respond differently to particular characteristics of child behavior. Adults interacting with the confederate in the distractible condition made significantly more demands on the child's attention, provided more instruction, and more often asked the child about his performance and the demands of the task. Educational implications of the effects of child behavior on adults are discussed.

scholarly journals Repeated measures in randomized block and split-plot experiments

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Gumpertz ◽  
C. Brownie
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures Data ◽  
Split Plot

Randomized block and split-plot designs are among the most commonly used experimental designs in forest research. Measurements for plots in a block (or subplots in a whole plot) are correlated with each other, and these correlations must be taken into account when analyzing repeated-measures data from blocked designs. The analysis is similar to repeated-measures analysis for a completely randomized design, but test statistics must allow for random block × time effects, and standard errors for treatment means must also incorporate block to block variation and variation among plots within a block. Two types of statistical analysis are often recommended for repeated-measures data: analysis of contrasts of the repeated factor and multivariate analysis of variance. A complete analysis of repeated measures should usually contain both of these components, just as in univariate analysis of variance it is often necessary to decompose the main effects into single degree of freedom contrasts to answer the research objectives. We demonstrate the multivariate analysis of variance and the analysis of contrasts in detail for two experiments. In addition, estimation of coefficients assuming a polynomial growth curve is discussed in detail for one of these experiments. The first experiment, a randomized complete block design, is a forest nutrition study of the long-term effects of midrotation nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.); the second experiment, a split-plot design, is an air-pollution study of the effects of ozone and acid precipitation on loblolly pine growth.

Sex Differences in Internality-Externality

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1159-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C. Lopez ◽  
Mark J. Staszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Future Events

Rotter's I-E Scale was administered to 48 male and 48 female undergraduates. A factor analysis yielded three dimensions of internality-externality: success in life, future events, and politics. A multivariate analysis of variance using these three factors as dependent measures yielded no sex differences when all three factors were considered simultaneously. However, women were significantly more external on the success in life dimension. No sex differences were found on the other factors. It was suggested that the slight but consistent sex differences identified in previous research may be explained in light of the multidimensional nature of the I-E Scale.

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