scholarly journals The paradox of being on the glass cliff: why do women accept risky leadership positions?

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maral Darouei ◽  
Helen Pluut
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Glass Cliff ◽  
Shed Light

PurposeRecent evidence from glass cliff research suggests that women are more willing than men to accept risky leadership positions. The purpose of this paper (based on three studies) is to reveal and resolve the apparent paradox that women are more risk averse than men yet end up in risky leadership positions.Design/methodology/approachIn Study I, risk attitudes of 125 participants were surveyed to understand gender differences in risk taking. In two experimental vignette studies, 119 university students (Study II) and 109 working adults (Study III) were offered a leadership position in either a risky or successful company and asked to rate their willingness to accept the job.FindingsTogether, the results showed that although women are generally more risk averse than men, women who scored low on career self-efficacy were more likely to perceive a risky job as a promotional opportunity and were therefore more willing to accept such a job. These findings shed light on the role of women’s career decision making in the glass cliff phenomenon.Originality/valueGlass cliff research has focused almost exclusively on organizational decision makers. The authors aim to better understand the glass cliff phenomenon by incorporating the perspective of job seekers.

The role of agency in project initiation decisions

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Mullaly
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Organizational Dynamics ◽  
Substantive Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Board Level

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of decision rules and agency in supporting project initiation decisions, and the influences of agency on decision-making effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The study this paper is based upon used grounded theory methodology, and sought to understand the influences of individual decision makers on project initiation decisions within organizations. Data collection involved 28 participants who were involved in project initiation decisions within their organizations, who discussed the process of project initiation in their organization and their role within that process. Findings – The study demonstrates that the overall effectiveness of project initiation decisions is a product of agency, process effectiveness or rule effectiveness. The employment of agency can have a direct influence on decision-making effectiveness, it can compensate for organizational inadequacies of a process or political nature, and it can be constrained in the evidence of formal and effective organizational practices. Research limitations/implications – While agency was recognized by all participants, there are clearly circumstances where actors perceive the ability to exercise agency to be externally constrained. The study is exploratory, contributing to the development of substantive theory. Theory testing as well as a more in-depth investigation of the underlying drivers of agency would be valuable. Practical implications – The study provides executives and individuals supporting the initiation of projects with insights on how to effectively influence the effectiveness of project initiation decisions, and the degree to which personal characteristics influence organizational dynamics. Originality/value – Most discussions of agency has been framed the subject as an executive- or board-level phenomenon. The current study demonstrates that agency is in fact being perceived and operationalized at all levels. Those demonstrating agency in the majority of instances in this study do so in exercising stewardship behaviours. This has important implications for how agency is perceived by executives, and by how agency is exercised by actors at all levels of the organization.

Size does matter – span of control in hospitals

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Holm-Petersen ◽  
Sussanne Østergaard ◽  
Per Bo Noergaard Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Leadership Capacity ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Span Of Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Frontline Leaders ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Centralization, mergers and cost reductions have generally led to increasing levels of span of control (SOC), and thus potentially to lower leadership capacity. The purpose of this paper is to explore how a large SOC impacts hospital staff and their leaders. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a qualitative explorative case study of three large inpatient wards. Findings The study finds that the nursing staff and their frontline leaders experience challenges in regard to visibility and role of the leader, e.g., in creating overview, coordination, setting-up clear goals, following up and being in touch. However, large wards also provide flexibility and development possibilities. Practical implications The authors discuss the implications of these findings for decision makers in deciding future SOC and for future SOC research. Originality/value Only few studies have qualitatively explored the consequences of large SOC in hospitals.

Study from Korea shows strong CSR policies significantly increase job seekers' application intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Value Congruence ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediated Moderation ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This study investigated how and when corporate social responsibility (CSR) fosters job seekers’ application intentions. The authors used a “mediated moderation mode” to explore the positive effect of CSR on job seekers’ intention to apply. They considered the moderating role of applicants’ calling and the mediating role of value congruence in the relationship between the person and organization. Design/methodology/approach To test their hypotheses the authors developed a questionnaire and sent it to a sample of 259 college students with a mean age of 22.67 in South Korea. All were either prospective or current job seekers and 55.2pc were female. Two scenarios were developed based on the real-life case of a well-known coffee franchise’s CSR policies. The scenarios were identical except that one had more proactive CSR policies. Findings Results showed that a company’s proactive CSR programs increase job seekers’ intention to apply, which was moderated by their “calling” for the job. The research also demonstrated that “value congruence” between the applicant and the organization fully mediated the interaction between CSR and calling. The results, the authors said, suggested that engaging in active CSR could attract job applicants, providing a potential competitive advantage. Originality/value The authors said their study contributed to the literature as it took the job seeker’s perspective whereas most previous research on calling focused on employees. They said it was the first study to empirically demonstrate the interaction between a sense of calling and CSR.

scholarly journals Shedding Light on the Role of the Skin in Vaccine-Induced Protection against the Malaria Sporozoite

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Patricia Daily
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
In Infants And Children

ABSTRACT The most advanced vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria, RTS,S/AS01, provides partial protection in infants and children living in areas of malaria endemicity. Further understanding its mechanisms of protection may allow the development of improved second-generation vaccines. The RTS,S/AS01 vaccine targets the sporozoites injected by mosquito vectors into the dermis which then travel into the blood stream to establish infection in the liver. Flores-Garcia et al. (Y. Flores-Garcia, G. Nasir, C. S. Hopp, C. Munoz, et al., mBio 9:e02194-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02194-18) shed light on early protective responses occurring in the dermis in immunized animals. They demonstrated that immunization impairs sporozoite motility and entry into blood vessels. Furthermore, they established that challenge experiments performed using a dermal route conferred greater protection than intravenous challenge in immunized mice. Thus, the dermal challenge approach captures the additional protective mechanisms occurring in the dermis that reflect the natural physiology of infection. Those studies highlighted the fascinating biology of skin-stage sporozoites and provided additional insights into vaccine-induced protection.

Research shows role of pre-hire and post-hire outcomes in effectiveness of social media recruitment

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recruitment Methods ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Talent Retention ◽  
Credible Information ◽  
Recruitment Tool

Purpose The authors were motivated to carry out their study by the increasing popularity of social media as a recruitment tool. They focused on the recruitment managers as previous studies have concentrated on the experiences of the candidates. Design/methodology/approach The authors wanted to test two hypotheses. The first one was split into two parts – Hypothesis 1A was that: “Recruiters intentions to adopt SMR are significantly related to pre-hire ROs.” And Hypothesis 1B was that: “Recruiters intentions to adopt SMR are significantly related to post-hire ROs.” Their second hypothesis was that: “CS (credibility and satisfaction) will mediate the relationship between SMR intention and ROs”. They surveyed 240 recruitment managers in the manufacturing and services sector, in Gujarat, India. Findings The results confirmed both of the hypotheses. Firstly, the responses showed that recruiters intended to use social media as it provides pre-hire benefits. Similarly, results showed SMR is more compatible, less complex and ensures better trialability and observability. Secondly, the research showed SMR intentions are significantly related to post-hire ROs. The study proved that SMR was “cost-effective, attracts better talents and retains them”. Originality/value The study suggested social media sites like Facebook could maximize the number of applicants and be more effective than traditional advertising in targeting passive job seekers. Second, it showed managers could optimize their SM post-hire outcomes to improve talent retention. Third, the results suggested that SMR could attract dream candidates by providing credible information. Finally, HR departments needed to understand social media complements rather than replaces traditional recruitment methods.

Awe, consumer conformity and social connectedness

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Yang ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
Bang Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Consumer Decision Making ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Choice Tasks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of the feeling awe on individuals' endorsement of conformist attitudes in consumption choices and the mediating role of social connectedness in generating this effect.Design/methodology/approachWe test our hypotheses across three studies. Study 1 used an online survey. Study 2 and 3 conducted two laboratory experiments to induce awe and measured consumer conformity in two consumption choice tasks.FindingsThis research shows that both dispositional awe and induced awe can increase individuals' preferences for majority-endorsed vs. minority-endorsed choice alternatives in subsequently unrelated consumption situations, and this effect is mediated by perceptions of social connectedness with other decision-makers.Practical implicationsMarketers can promote the sales of mass-market products through inducing awe.Social implicationsPublic regulators could utilize people's incidental awe as an effective policy intervention to nudge individual cooperation in some cases.Originality/valueThe research is the first to demonstrate a novel consequence of awe on consumer decision-making. It also highlights the significance of desire for social connectedness that explains why the feeling of awe develops conformity to the opinions of unknown people.

Role of gender and corporate risk taking

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dene Hurley ◽  
Amod Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Chief Financial Officers ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Equity Ratio ◽  
Glass Cliff ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role of chief financial officers’ (CFOs’) gender in financial risk taking of 58 US companies along with the impact of having women board members. Design/methodology/approach Using a panel data of 58 selected S&P 500 companies during the period 2012-2016, this paper determines whether the gender of CFOs and having women board members play a role in risk-taking behavior of firms. Findings Firms led by female CFOs are smaller in size with lower net income and net revenue. The panel data analysis shows that the impact of female CFOs on firms’ financial risk is mixed, depending on risk measures used, whereas increasing female board members reduces that risk. Research limitations/implications The data used is limited to 58 S&P 500 companies, and two of the three risk-taking measures used in the study, specifically investment in property, plant and equipment (PPE) and debt/equity ratio, may not be applicable to some industries. Practical implications The findings provide mixed evidence of risk aversion by females in executive and leadership positions, depending on the measures used and the management responsibilities they undertake (CFO versus board member) with support for the glass cliff phenomenon in which females may be leading financially precarious organizations. Social implications Female CFOs are found to be leading relatively smaller and financially poor-performing firms compared with the male CFO-led firms, thereby giving support to the glass cliff arguments. Originality/value The paper examines the role of CFOs’ gender and board diversity in risk taking as measured by the investment in PPE, debt/equity ratio and stock return volatility.

scholarly journals From Nursery to Nursing Home: Emerging Concepts in Clostridioides difficile Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Smith ◽  
Joshua Soto Ocana ◽  
Joseph P. Zackular
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that infects the human gastrointestinal tract, causing a wide range of disorders that vary in severity from mild diarrhea to toxic megacolon and/or death. Over the past decade, incidence, severity, and costs associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) have increased dramatically in both the pediatric and adult populations. The factors driving this rapidly evolving epidemiology remain largely unknown but are likely due in part to previously unappreciated host, microbiota, and environmental factors. In this review, we will cover the risks and challenges of CDI in adult and pediatric populations and examine asymptomatic colonization in infants. We will also discuss the emerging role of diet, pharmaceutical drugs, and pathogen-microbiota interactions in C. difficile pathogenesis, as well as the impact of host-microbiota interactions in the manifestation of C. difficile-associated disease. Finally, we highlight new areas of research and novel strategies that may shed light on this complex infection and provide insights into the future of microbiota-based therapeutics for CDI.

Examining the mediating role of social interactivity between customer engagement and brand loyalty

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding Hooi Ting ◽  
Amir Zaib Abbasi ◽  
Sohel Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Customer Engagement ◽  
Consumer Engagement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Engagement Behavior ◽  
Social Interactivity

PurposeThis study aims at identifying and examining the mediating role of customer engagement behavior and social interactivity onbrand loyalty.Design/methodology/approachA correlational study design was adopted in this study to collect data (online survey) from 400 online participants active on Facebook pages.FindingsEmpirical results reveal that there is a significant and positive impact of social interactivity on consumer engagement behavior and brand loyalty.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings would help decision makers to make useful decisions in their everyday work practices, which would ultimately increase the market competition of brands.Practical implicationsDecision makers should focus on the entertainment and interactivity levels in advertisement designs that would allow customers to perceive the novelty of advertising.Social implicationsThe results are critical in developing consumers' attitude and perception toward a brand by providing them insights regarding the characteristics of brands.Originality/valueThe participation and social interactivity of consumers on the Facebook page drive consumer engagement behavior and brand loyalty.

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