scholarly journals OSD

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-169
Author(s):  
Tofigh Hamidavi ◽  
Sepehr Abrishami ◽  
Pasquale Ponterosso ◽  
David Begg ◽  
Nikos Nanos
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Automatic Design ◽  
Design Optimisation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Structural Engineers

Purpose The paper aims to leverage the importance of the integrated automatic structural design for tall buildings at the early stage. It proposes to use an automatic prototype to perform the structural design, analysis and optimisation in a building information modelling (BIM)-based platform. This process starts with extracting the required information from the architectural model in Revit Autodesk, such as boundary conditions and designs different options of the structural models in Robot Autodesk. In this process, Dynamo for Revit is used to define the mathematical functions to use different variables and generate various structural models. The paper aims to expand the domain of automation in the BIM platform to reduce the iterative process in different areas such as conceptual structural design and collaboration between architects and structural engineers to reduce the time and cost at the early stages. Design/methodology/approach The paper begins with an exploratory research by adopting a qualitative methodology and using open-ended questions to achieve more information about the phenomenon of automation and interoperability between structural engineers and architects and gain new insight into this area. Furthermore, correlation research is used by adopting quantitative and short questions to compare the proposed prototype with the traditional process of the structural design and optimisation and the interoperability between architects and engineers and consequently, validate the research. Findings As an outcome of the research, a structural design optimisation (SDO) prototype was developed to semi-automate the structural design process of tall buildings at the early stages. Moreover, the proposed prototype can be used during the early stage of structural design in different areas such as residential buildings, bridges, truss, reinforced concrete detailing, etc. Moreover, comprehensive literature regarding using automation in structural design, optimisation process and interoperability between architects and engineers is conducted that provides a new insight to contribute to future research and development. Research limitations/implications Due to the time limit, the paper results may lack in a comprehensive automatic structural design process. Therefore, the researchers are encouraged to expand the workability of the prototype for a comprehensive automatic design check such as automatic design for the minimum deflection, displacement of different types of buildings. Practical implications The prototype includes implications for the development of different automatic designs. Originality/value The focus of this paper is the optimisation of the structural design in the BIM platform by using automation. This combination is one of the novelties of this paper, and the existing literature has a very limited amount of information and similar work in this area, especially interoperability between architects and engineers.

Understanding “process vs product” in the shelter and settlements sector: a reflection

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ward George
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Learning Pathways ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose“Process” vs “product”: this concept was originally introduced by Ian Davis in 1978 in Shelter After Disaster. However, 40 years later, in the halls of universities, it would appear a long way from having settled in the minds of upcoming engineers and architects looking to contribute to the field of disaster management. This key understanding is a major steppingstone to those pursuing careers in the shelter and settlements sector. However, the clarity of the argument and its importance still fails to reach some humanitarians in the early stages of their career. This perspective reflects on the key arguments for and against process over product and reflects on the reasons for the lack of recognition of this concept in early stage academics in the shelter and settlements sector. It also discusses the academic practitioner divide and pathways for learning within the sector.Design/methodology/approachThis perspective reflects on discussions over four years of a progression into the humanitarian shelter and settlements sector from a construction and engineering background. It discusses the author’s personal progression in understanding process over product and observations of other early stage researchers taking similar pathways. It also examines literature in the sector and the key texts which affect this progression. Furthermore, this perspective provides comments from experts in the shelter and settlements sector through a small series of informal interviews. This provides insight into their experience with upcoming architects and engineers, and key messages for early stage researchers.FindingsThis reflection found that upcoming architects and engineering students still undergo a journey of understanding over “process vs product” despite changes in the industry. These students can benefit from the understanding of shelter as a process.Originality/valueThe concept of process vs product is not a new one. It is arguably one of the most central arguments to the shelter and settlements sector. However, there is very little written on the learning of this concept or the effects it has on understanding the broader aspects of the sector. This reflection can provide significant value to early stage researchers who have yet to engage with this concept, and further highlight its importance of learning pathways to the sector.

Aging researchers in early stages (ARIES): a model for career development collaboration of researchers in aging

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Ouchi ◽  
Shalender Bhasin ◽  
Ariela R. Orkaby
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Career Development ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Future Leaders ◽  
The Many

Purpose Individuals over age 65 represent the fastest-growing segment of the population, yet they are also the least studied group and are most likely to be excluded from research most likely to apply to them. A significant reason for this deficit has been a dearth of scientists and clinicians to care for and study the many diseases that impact older adults. The purpose of this manuscript is to help early-stage clinician-scientists develop local forums fostering their career developments. Design/methodology/approach In this manuscript, the difficulties associated with raising new generations of researchers in aging and offer suggestions for how early-stage clinician-scientists can foster career development in aging are discussed. This paper draws upon a local example, ARIES, to explain how early-stage investigators can be brought together with the goal of creating a pipeline of future leaders in aging research. Findings The model may empower more early-stage clinicians to successfully pursue aging research. Originality/value The current success of aging researchers in the early stages serves as a model for creating similar career development programs designed for early-stage researchers in aging.

Mock-ups as a tool for assessing customer value early in the development process

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Jouni Lyly-Yrjänäinen ◽  
Leena Aarikka-Stenroos ◽  
Teemu Laine
Keyword(s):  
Customer Value ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
New Product ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Preliminary Measurement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Real Environment ◽  
Perceived Customer Value

Purpose This paper aims to propose an approach to broaden the focus of a low-fidelity prototype (i.e. mock-up) to enable user experimentation in a real environment at the early stages of the product development process. The functionality approaching a real solution enables customers to experience the key functionality, and therefore, the perceived customer value of the new product idea before major investments in the development. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on an interventionist case study in a manufacturing company. The researchers were involved in the development of two new products and analysing the potential process and cost implications. Findings Mock-ups enable the preliminary measurement of cost and value implications of a new product at the early stages of the development process. This holds significant potential for advancing development practices and reducing the uncertainties present in such processes. Thus, the business case at the early stage of the development process can be argued with “user-experienced” cost information and, therefore, also “perceived” customer value. Practical implications The use of mock-ups to gain customer feedback is well aligned with the fail-fast mentality emphasised in the contemporary start-up scene, but this study also encourages developers/practitioners from mature industries to use mock-ups to assess perceived customer value. Originality/value The originality of the paper lies in broadening the focus of mock-ups to enable user experimentation in a real environment at the early stages of the development process.

scholarly journals Structural design of floodways under extreme flood loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-555
Author(s):  
Isaac Greene ◽  
Weena Lokuge ◽  
Warna Karunasena
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Design Charts ◽  
Hydraulic Design ◽  
Extreme Flood

Purpose Current methods for floodway design are predominately based on hydrological and hydraulic design principles. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a finite element methods approach for the inclusion of a simplified structural design method into floodway design procedures. Design/methodology/approach This research uses a three-dimensional finite element method to investigate numerically the different parameters, geometric configurations and loading combinations which cause floodway vulnerability during extreme flood events. The worst-case loading scenario is then used as the basis for design from which several structural design charts are deduced. These charts enable design bending moments and shear forces to be extracted and the cross-sectional area of steel and concrete to be designed in accordance with the relevant design codes for strength, serviceability and durability. Findings It was discovered that the analysed floodway structure is most vulnerable when impacted by a 4-tonne boulder, a 900 mm cut-off wall depth and with no downstream rock protection. Design charts were created, forming a simplified structural design process to strengthen the current hydraulic design approach provided in current floodway design guidelines. This developed procedure is demonstrated through application with an example floodway structural design. Originality/value The deduced structural design process will ensure floodway structures have adequate structural resilience, aiding in reduced maintenance and periods of unserviceability in the wake of extreme flood events.

scholarly journals A parametric design process model for box culverts

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
N Ngobeni ◽  
A L Marnewick ◽  
D J Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Engineering Project ◽  
Design Optimisation ◽  
Box Culverts ◽  
Design Process Model

This research proposes a parametric design process model to improve the structural engineering project team performance by automating the design and three-dimensional modelling procedures of box culverts. Although standardised design procedures can reduce the design time of repetitive structures such as box culverts, the increased time and effort required for revising construction drawings negatively impacts a project's performance. A literature review was conducted to develop a theoretical process model to improve the current structural design optimisation and three-dimensional modelling procedures of box culverts. The proposed process model was validated using structured interviews with professionally registered structural engineers for appropriateness to box culverts and the potential to improve project performance. The data analysis revealed that the interviewed engineers were in favour of automating the design optimisation and three-dimensional modelling procedures of box culverts. Moreover, parametric design automation would result in improved project performance when encountering an inevitable design change. However, the user's control over the output of each process should not be discarded. This study can help readers understand the transformation of the structural design and three-dimensional modelling procedures of repetitive structures, such as box culverts, into an algorithmic form to achieve improved project performance.

scholarly journals Information management in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kosack ◽  
Merlin Stone ◽  
Karen Sanders ◽  
Eleni Aravopoulou ◽  
Davide Biron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Side Information ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
First World

Purpose This paper aims to review the information management aspects of the early months of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus 19 outbreak. It shows that the transition from epidemic to the pandemic was caused partly by poor management of information that was publicly available in January 2020. Design/methodology/approach The approach combines public domain epidemic data with economic, demographic, health, social and political data and investigates how information was managed by governments. It includes case studies of early-stage information management, from countries with high and low coronavirus disease 2019 impacts (as measured by deaths per million). Findings The reasons why the information was not acted upon appropriately include “dark side” information behaviours (Stone et al., 2019). Many errors and misjudgements could have been avoided by using learnings from previous epidemics, particularly the 1918-1919 flu epidemic when international travel (mainly of troops in First World War) was a prime mode of spreading. It concludes that if similar outbreaks are not to turn into pandemics, much earlier action is needed, mainly closing borders and locking-down. Research limitations/implications The research is based on what was known at the time of writing, when the pandemic’s exact origin was uncertain, when some statistics about actions and results were unavailable and when final results were unknown. Practical implications Governments faced with early warning signs or pandemics must act much faster. Social implications If the next virus is as infectious as SARS-CoV-2 but much more fatal, the world faces disastrous consequences if most governments act as slowly as this time. Originality/value This is one of the first analyses of information management practices relating to the pandemic’s early stages.

Design Form and Function Prediction From a Single Image

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen M. Edwards ◽  
Vaishnavi L. Addala ◽  
Faez Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Design Performance ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Image Translation

Abstract Estimating the form and functional performance of a design in the early stages can be crucial for a designer for effective ideation Humans have an innate ability to guess the size, shape, and type of a design from a single view. The brain fills in the unknowns in a fraction of a second. However, humans may struggle with estimating the performance of designs in the early stages of the design process without making prototypes or doing back-of-the-envelope calculations. In contrast, machines need information about the full 3D model of a design to understand its structure. Machines can estimate the performance using pre-defined rules, expensive numerical simulations, or machine learning models. In this paper, we show how information about the form and functional performance of a design can be estimated from a single image using machine learning methods. Specifically, we leverage the image-to-image translation method to predict multiple projections of an image-based design. We then train deep neural network models on the predicted projections to provide estimates of design performance. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by predicting the aerodynamic performance from images of aircraft models. To estimate ground truth aero-dynamic performance, we run CFD simulations for 4045 3D aircraft models from the ShapeNet dataset and use their lift-to-drag ratio as the performance metric. Our results show that single images do carry information for both form and functional performance. From a single image, we are able to produce six additional images of a design in different orientations, with an average Structural Similarity Index score of 0.872. We also find image-translation methods provide a promising direction in estimating the performance of design. Using multiple images of a design (gathered through image-translation) to predict design performance yields a recall value of 47%, which is 14% higher than a base guess, and 3% higher than using a single image. Our work identifies the potential and provides a framework for using a single image to predict the form and functional performance of a design during the early-stage design process. Our code and additional information about our work are available at http://decode.mit.edu/projects/formfunction/.

Challenges to overcome for routine usage of automatic optimisation in the propulsion industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 115 (1172) ◽  
pp. 615-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shahpar
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
New Products ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Automatic Design ◽  
Design Optimisation ◽  
Design Time ◽  
Turbomachinery Design

Abstract In industry, there is an ever-increasing requirement not only to design high performance new products but also to deliver them at lower cost and in shorter time. To meet these demanding engineering challenges, it is not sufficient to treat the different disciplines involved in a product design in isolation; rather they must be considered together as an integrated system that reflects the dependencies and interactions of the different disciplines. The design process must be automated to meet the stringent design time-lines. In spite of promising forays for over a decade, automatic design optimisation (ADO) and multidisciplinary optimisation (MDO) has not been widely adapted by the Turbomachinery design practitioners. This presentation will explore some of the technical and nontechnical barriers such as cultural and organisational issues that must be addressed if ADO/MDO is to be used routinely in industry. Some recent, successful application of automatic optimisation is also reported herein.

Hull Form Exploration in the Early Stage of Design

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Mizine ◽  
Charles Rogers ◽  
Bruce D. Wintersteen
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Hull Form ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Stage Design ◽  
Early Stage Design ◽  
And Performance

The objective of the ship design synthesis process is to derive a ship’s physical and performance characteristics based on mission requirements and selected technology and configuration options. To accomplish this objective an effective compromise must be achieved between the many competing requirements and constraints that form the available design space. The engineering disciplines that are addressed during the design synthesis process include; mission systems and cargo requirements, hull form geometry, hull subdivision, deckhouse geometry and subdivision, structures, appendages, resistance, propulsors, machinery arrangements, weight estimates, required arrangeable area and volume, intact stability and seakeeping. The hull form is a critical component of the design synthesis process. The hull is subdivided with decks and bulkheads to establish the compartment configuration (to the watertight compartment level) within the hull and to determine if the required mission capabilities and systems can be accommodated. The hull form is the principal boundary for the structural design. Required appendages must be integrated with the hull form. The propulsor design (propellers, waterjets, etc.) depends on resistance and the water flow around the hull form. The hull form significantly drives the propulsion power required and significantly impacts the location of the principle machinery equipment within the hull. While the weight estimates draw directly from the structural design and machinery equipment and other known data (mission systems), many of the other weight groups are estimated by algorithms. These algorithms are very dependent on hull volume and the distribution of that volume within the hull. Hull hydrostatics, stability and seakeeping are all very dependent on the hull form. The investigation of hull form variations during early stage design has long been limited by the capabilities present in the available design tools and their supporting framework. While some excellent hulls have been designed in parallel or preceding the overall ship design process, the limitations in design tools and their integration have often left the design process with a significant unknown as to whether the selected hull form is truly the best configuration for the ship and its mission. The hull form has a significant influence on almost every subsystem and discipline involved in ship design, not just hydrodynamics The routine Navy practice during early stage design has been to perform analysis based on a single baseline hull form point design, which is usually derived from dimensional scaling of existing designs or prototypes. This practice limits analysis of the hull form related characteristics and performance in concert with other tradeoffs and analysis of the disciplines that are very much influenced by the hull form. In some cases, this approach has perpetuated the undesirable characteristics of the selected starting hull form. In many, if not most recent designs, the limitations of our design process capabilities have produced less than optimal hull form configurations, especially in view of the operational profile, which determines the life cycle cost. In addition, late design improvements in hull form such as stern flaps or bulb changes result in the ship exceeding the design requirements that drive cost into the ship, i.e. larger engines installed then required to meet the ship’s KPP for speed. The paper explains how it is possible to overcome this limitation and how to restructure the ship design processes to facilitate effective investigation of hull form variations as part of the design synthesis process. The development of the hull form along with the overall development of the ship design configuration can be effectively integrated during the early Mizine Hull Form Exploration in the Early Stage of Design 2 stages of design when sufficient flexibility remains to enable the most effective design across all disciplines. This paper addresses the process, tools, and methodologies the authors have been developing and applying for several ship design projects to enable the effective development of the hull form and the investigation of hull form variations and their impact on the overall ship effectiveness. The approach used to facilitate the effective integration of the range of design and analysis tools necessary to support the process is described. The methodologies and theories used to investigate the potential range of hull form alternatives and assess their relative performance are presented. Examples of analyses done for actual design projects are provided, along with lessons-learned and recommendations for further refinements and improvements to the processes presented.

Design of novel aerial jet target

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-519
Author(s):  
Zdobyslaw Jan Goraj ◽  
Marek Malinowski ◽  
Andrzej Frydrychewicz
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fuel Tank ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Flight Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose This paper aims to present and discuss the requirements for flying targets which sometimes are contradictory to each other and to perform a trade-off analysis before the design activity is started. It also aims to demonstrate conceptual and preliminary design processes using a practical example of PW-61 configuration and to show how results of experimental flight tests using a scaled flying target will be described and analyzed before manufacturing the full scale flying target. Design/methodology/approach An important part of the paper consists of the selection of tailplane configuration of the flying target UAV to protect some expensive on-board systems against serious damages and to obtain a sufficient dynamic stability, independently of the amount of the petrol in fuel tank. Inverted V-tail, U-tail and H-tail configurations were considered and compared both, theoretically and in-flight experiments. Findings Flight dynamics models and associated computational procedures were useful both in a preliminary design phase and during the final assessment of the configuration after flight tests. Selection of the tailplane configuration for the flying target UAV is very important to protect some expensive on-board systems against serious damages and to obtain a sufficient dynamic stability, independent of the amount of the petrol in fuel tank. Practical implications Flying targets should be speedy, maneuverable, cheap, easy in deployment and multi-recoverable (if not destroyed by live ammunition), must have relatively low take-off weight and an endurance of at least 1 h. This paper can be useful for proper selection of requirements and preliminary design parameters to make the design process more economically effective. Originality/value This paper presents very efficient methods of assessing the design parameters of flying targets, especially in an early stage of the design process. Stability computations are performed based on equations of motion and are supplemented by flight tests using the scaled flying models. It can be considered as an original, not typical, but very practical approach because it delivers lots of data in the early design stages at relatively low cost.

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