Atypical employment over the life cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-213
Author(s):  
Ronald Bachmann ◽  
Rahel Felder ◽  
Marcus Tamm
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Employment Trajectories ◽  
Atypical Employment

PurposeThis paper analyses how the employment histories of cohorts born after World War II in Germany have changed. A specific focus is on the role of atypical employment in this context.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses data from the adult cohort of the National Educational Panel Study and presents descriptive evidence on employment patterns for different cohorts. In addition, a sequence analysis of employment trajectories illustrates key aspects related to the opportunities and risks of atypical employment.FindingsYounger cohorts are characterised by acquiring more education, by entering into employment at a higher age and by experiencing atypical employment more often. The latter is associated with much higher employment of women for younger cohorts. The sequence analysis reveals that the proportion of individuals whose entry into the labour market is almost exclusively characterised by atypical employment rises significantly across the cohorts. Moreover, a substantial part of the increase in atypical employment is due to the increased participation of women, with part-time jobs or mini-jobs playing an important role in re-entering the labour market after career breaks.Originality/valueThe most important contribution of this article to the existing literature lies in the life course perspective taken for different birth cohorts. The findings are of great interest to the general debate about the success of the German labour market in recent decades and its implications for individual labour-market histories, but also about rising income inequality at about the same time.

scholarly journals Employment trajectories in midlife and cognitive performance in later life: longitudinal study of older American men and women

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay C Kobayashi ◽  
Justin Michael Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Numerical Reasoning ◽  
Employment Trajectories ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Skill

BackgroundAlthough being employed during midlife is positively associated with cognitive function in later life, little is known with respect to cumulative trajectories or durations of time spent in different kinds of work.MethodsWe investigated the relationships between employment trajectory from ages 31 years to 50 years and cognitive skills at ages 50–78 years among 2521 adults in the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1968 to 2016. Sequence analysis was used to identify prototypical employment trajectories, capturing employment status and high versus lower job skill level at each year of age from 31 years to 50 years. Adjusted and weighted logistic regression was used to estimate relationships between employment trajectory and performance on each of four cognitive tests representing numerical reasoning, verbal reasoning, health literacy and financial literacy. Dose–response relationships between the duration of high-skill employment and cognitive skills were examined.ResultsSeven prototypical employment trajectories were identified, the most common being consistently lower skill employment (44%; 1105/2521). Consistently high-skill and fluctuating skill trajectories were associated with high numerical reasoning scores (OR=1.54, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.40; OR=2.52, 95% CI 1.39 to 4.58, respectively), compared with consistently lower skill employment. There was a dose–response relationship between duration of high-skill employment and numerical reasoning (OR=1.17; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.28), plateauing after approximately 4 years of high-skill employment.ConclusionsSequence analysis of exposure trajectories is a novel method for life course epidemiology that accounts for exposure timing, duration and ordering. Our results using this method indicate that the duration may be more important than the timing of high-skill midlife employment for later-life numerical reasoning skills.

scholarly journals Joint Family and Work Trajectories and Multidimensional Wellbeing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Comolli ◽  
L. Bernardi ◽  
M. Voorpostel
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Employment Trajectories ◽  
Family And Work ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Family Trajectories

AbstractInformed by the life course perspective, this paper investigates whether and how employment and family trajectories are jointly associated with subjective, relational and financial wellbeing later in life. We draw on data from the Swiss Household Panel which combines biographical retrospective information on work, partnership and childbearing trajectories with 19 annual waves containing a number of wellbeing indicators as well as detailed socio-demographic and social origin information. We use sequence analysis to identify the main family and work trajectories for men and women aged 20–50 years old. We use OLS regression models to assess the association between those trajectories and their interdependency with wellbeing. Results reveal a joint association between work and family trajectories and wellbeing at older age, even net of social origin and pre-trajectory resources. For women, but not for men, the association is also not fully explained by proximate (current family and work status) determinants of wellbeing. Women’s stable full-time employment combined with traditional family trajectories yields a subjective wellbeing premium, whereas childlessness and absence of a stable partnership over the life course is associated with lower levels of financial and subjective wellbeing after 50 especially in combination with a trajectory of weak labour market involvement. Relational wellbeing is not associated with employment trajectories, and only weakly linked to family trajectories among men.

scholarly journals Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidales Alternative Fecal Indicators Reveal Chronic Human Sewage Contamination in an Urban Harbor

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (19) ◽  
pp. 6972-6981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Newton ◽  
Jessica L. VandeWalle ◽  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Marc H. Gorelick ◽  
Sandra L. McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe complexity of fecal microbial communities and overlap among human and other animal sources have made it difficult to identify source-specific fecal indicator bacteria. However, the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies now provides increased sequencing power to resolve microbial community composition within and among environments. These data can be mined for information on source-specific phylotypes and/or assemblages of phylotypes (i.e., microbial signatures). We report the development of a new genetic marker for human fecal contamination identified through microbial pyrotag sequence analysis of the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence analysis of 37 sewage samples and comparison with database sequences revealed a human-associated phylotype within theLachnospiraceaefamily, which was closely related to the genusBlautia. This phylotype, termed Lachno2, was on average the second most abundant fecal bacterial phylotype in sewage influent samples from Milwaukee, WI. We developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Lachno2 and used it along with the qPCR-based assays for humanBacteroidales(based on the HF183 genetic marker), totalBacteroidalesspp., and enterococci and the conventionalEscherichia coliand enterococci plate count assays to examine the prevalence of fecal and human fecal pollution in Milwaukee's harbor. Both the conventional fecal indicators and the human-associated indicators revealed chronic fecal pollution in the harbor, with significant increases following heavy rain events and combined sewer overflows. The two human-associated genetic marker abundances were tightly correlated in the harbor, a strong indication they target the same source (i.e., human sewage). Human adenoviruses were routinely detected under all conditions in the harbor, and the probability of their occurrence increased by 154% for every 10-fold increase in the human indicator concentration. Both Lachno2 and humanBacteroidalesincreased specificity to detect sewage compared to general indicators, and the relationship to a human pathogen group suggests that the use of these alternative indicators will improve assessments for human health risks in urban waters.

Patulibacter medicamentivorans sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge of a wastewater treatment plant

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_7) ◽  
pp. 2588-2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Almeida ◽  
Ivone Vaz-Moreira ◽  
Peter Schumann ◽  
Olga C. Nunes ◽  
Gilda Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-endospore-forming rod-shaped bacterium with ibuprofen-degrading capacity, designated strain I11T, was isolated from activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. The major respiratory quinone was demethylmenaquinone DMK-7, C18 : 1 cis9 was the predominant fatty acid, phosphatidylglycerol was the predominant polar lipid, the cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 74.1 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the closest phylogenetic neighbours of strain I11T were Patulibacter ginsengiterrae CECT 7603T (96.8 % similarity), Patulibacter minatonensis DSM 18081T (96.6 %) and Patulibacter americanus DSM 16676T (96.6 %). Phenotypic characterization supports the inclusion of strain I11T within the genus Patulibacter (phylum Actinobacteria) . However, distinctive features and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggest that is represents a novel species, for which the name Patulibacter medicamentivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is I11T ( = DSM 25962T = CECT 8141T).

scholarly journals Transposase-Mediated Excision, Conjugative Transfer, and Diversity of ICE6013 Elements in Staphylococcus aureus

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Sansevere ◽  
Xiao Luo ◽  
Joo Youn Park ◽  
Sunghyun Yoon ◽  
Keun Seok Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Integration Site ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Site Preference ◽  
Conjugative Transfer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Integrative Conjugative Elements

ABSTRACT ICE6013 represents one of two families of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) identified in the pan-genome of the human and animal pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Here we investigated the excision and conjugation functions of ICE6013 and further characterized the diversity of this element. ICE6013 excision was not significantly affected by growth, temperature, pH, or UV exposure and did not depend on recA. The IS30-like DDE transposase (Tpase; encoded by orf1 and orf2) of ICE6013 must be uninterrupted for excision to occur, whereas disrupting three of the other open reading frames (ORFs) on the element significantly affects the level of excision. We demonstrate that ICE6013 conjugatively transfers to different S. aureus backgrounds at frequencies approaching that of the conjugative plasmid pGO1. We found that excision is required for conjugation, that not all S. aureus backgrounds are successful recipients, and that transconjugants acquire the ability to transfer ICE6013. Sequencing of chromosomal integration sites in serially passaged transconjugants revealed a significant integration site preference for a 15-bp AT-rich palindromic consensus sequence, which surrounds the 3-bp target site that is duplicated upon integration. A sequence analysis of ICE6013 from different host strains of S. aureus and from eight other species of staphylococci identified seven divergent subfamilies of ICE6013 that include sequences previously classified as a transposon, a plasmid, and various ICEs. In summary, these results indicate that the IS30-like Tpase functions as the ICE6013 recombinase and that ICE6013 represents a diverse family of mobile genetic elements that mediate conjugation in staphylococci. IMPORTANCE Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) encode the abilities to integrate into and excise from bacterial chromosomes and plasmids and mediate conjugation between bacteria. As agents of horizontal gene transfer, ICEs may affect bacterial evolution. ICE6013 represents one of two known families of ICEs in the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, but its core functions of excision and conjugation are not well studied. Here, we show that ICE6013 depends on its IS30-like DDE transposase for excision, which is unique among ICEs, and we demonstrate the conjugative transfer and integration site preference of ICE6013. A sequence analysis revealed that ICE6013 has diverged into seven subfamilies that are dispersed among staphylococci.

Still focusing on the “essential 2:1”: exploring student attitudes to extra-curricular activities

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Greenbank
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Student Participation ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Peer Norms ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Extra Curricular Activities ◽  
Degree Classification

Purpose – In order to compete for positional advantage in the graduate labour market students need more than a good degree classification. The evidence suggests that participation in extra-curricular activities (ECAs) can have a significant influence on labour market outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which undergraduates engage in ECAs during their studies and analyses the factors influencing their participation in such activities. Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on a sample of 21 undergraduates in the Business School at a “new” university. These students completed two questionnaires in their first year of study. These were followed-up by in-depth interviews which were carried out in their first and final year of study. Findings – The study found that many of these students were not participating in ECAs because they lacked an appreciation of the value of ECAs to graduate employers. The students were also influenced by social and peer norms, especially the fact that their peers were not engaging in ECAs. Finally, the students often exhibited an extrinsic locus of control and dependency which was not conducive to engagement in ECAs. Research limitations/implications – The generalisability of the findings may be seen as limited by the fact that the study is based on a relatively small sample of students from one university. This research, however, provides detailed insights into the factors influencing student participation in ECAs and adds new perspectives to this under-researched area. Practical implications – The paper concludes by suggesting a range of inter-related approaches that higher education institutions could adopt in order to improve student participation in ECAs. These include careers education at all stages of the students’ studies; the use of unfreezing techniques in conjunction with case studies; a more substantial role for personal tutors; and the development of an institutional habitus that encourages autonomy and agency. Originality/value – Despite the importance of ECAs to graduate employers there have been relatively few studies into the factors influencing undergraduate participation in such activities.

Archival Big Data and the Spanish Flu in Copenhagen

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Abildgren
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
One Year

Purpose The Spanish Flu 1918–1920 saw a high degree of excess mortality among young and healthy adults. The purpose of this paper is a further exploration of the hypothesis that high mortality risk during The Spanish Flu in Copenhagen was associated with early life exposure to The Russian Flu 1889–1892. Design/methodology/approach Based on 37,000 individual-level death records in a new unique database from The Copenhagen City Archives combined with approximate cohort-specific population totals interpolated from official censuses of population, the author compiles monthly time series on all-cause mortality rates 1916–1922 in Copenhagen by gender and one-year birth cohorts. The author then analyses birth cohort effects on mortality risk during The Spanish Flu using regression analysis. Findings The author finds support for hypotheses relating early life exposure to The Russian Flu to mortality risk during The Spanish Flu. Some indications of possible gender heterogeneity during the first wave of The Spanish Flu – not found in previous studies – should be a topic for future research based on data from other countries. Originality/value Due to lack of individual-level death records with exact dates of birth and death, previous studies on The Spanish Flu in Denmark and many other countries have relied on data with lower birth cohort resolutions than the one-year birth cohorts used in this study. The analysis in this paper illustrates how archival Big Data can be used to gain new insights in studies on historical pandemics.

Banking technology and cashless economy in selected Sub-Saharan African countries: does education matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ese Urhie ◽  
Ogechi Chiagozie Amonu ◽  
Chiderah Mbah ◽  
Olabanji Olukayode Ewetan ◽  
Oluwatoyin Augustina Matthew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bank Branches ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ssa Countries ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to analyze the effect of banking technology [automated teller machine (ATM) and mobile cellular devices (MOBs)] and other traditional factors on the level of currency in circulation for a sample of 21 selected sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. It also assessed the mitigating effect of education on the relationship between banking technology and the cashless economy. Design/methodology/approach The study used a panel data approach to design a cashless economy model with banking technology – ATM and MOBs – as well as their interaction with education as regressors. Findings This study finds that MOB is significant for promoting a cashless economy, whereas ATM is insignificant in sample SSA countries. The level of education and the number of bank branches were also found to be significant in promoting a cashless economy. The interaction between education and ATM was insignificant but negatively signed, whereas that between education and MOB was significant but had a positive sign. Research limitations/implications Non-availability of data restricted this work to a panel study of selected SSA countries. Subsequent studies should consider single-country case studies. Practical implications Findings from the study imply that for banking technology to drive a cashless economy effectively, education has to be improved. Originality/value The ratio of cash in circulation to total money supply was used as a measure of the cashless economy. The study also evaluated the moderating effect of education on banking technology.

Prospects for the global economy in 2022

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Content Type

Significance Services and investment should recover this year but all regions are vulnerable to disruptions. Many supply-side strains will persist, as will the energy, transport and labour market dislocations, which will create shortages, volatile prices and pressure for government intervention.

Community of practice: converting IT graduate students into specialists via professional knowledge sharing

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana Stanca ◽  
Dan-Cristian Dabija ◽  
Elena Păcurar
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Professional Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Learning Framework

Purpose The paper aims to highlight how an applied learning framework or “community of practice” (CoP) combined with a traditional theoretical course of study enables the identification of teaching-learning processes which facilitate knowledge transfer from practitioners to graduate information technology (IT) students for quicker integration in the labour market. Design/methodology/approach CoPs are identified based on cluster analysis according to Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (1984), with data obtained through a survey. Empirical research is applied to the CoP developed within a non-formal learning framework, principal new actors being IT specialists linked to graduate IT students and teachers on a traditional university course. Graduate IT students can gain knowledge of the ideal employee and the social and emotional skills needed to integrate with the IT labour market. Findings The K-Means algorithm helps to identify clusters of graduate IT students displaying necessary knowledge acceptance behaviour to convert them into specialists. The results of the cluster analysis show different learning styles of the labour force, providing an overview of candidate selection methods and the knowledge, skills and attitudes expected by users. Research limitations/implications Although the research adds value to the existing literature on learning styles and the knowledge and core skills needed by IT specialists, it was limited to an emerging market. Originality/value The study provides a preliminary overview of graduate IT students’ attitudes from an emerging market to the re-engineering of academic learning contexts to facilitate professional knowledge transfer, converting them into IT practitioners and integrating them in the labour market of an emerging economy.

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