Vocational bachelor graduates in France: labour market integration and social mobility

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Calmand ◽  
Jean-François Giret ◽  
Christine Guégnard
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Market Transition ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Upward Social Mobility ◽  
Professional Occupation

Purpose – In France, the vocationalization of higher education has resulted in an increase in the number of graduates and created new opportunities. The access of these vocational bachelor graduates to the labour market raises the issue of their professional prospects amid changing economic and social circumstances. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – To provide insights into these issues, the employment situation of bachelor graduates during the first years of active working life will be compared with other tertiary graduates entering the labour market in the same years, using econometric models that estimate the effects of vocational courses “all other things being equal”, incorporating a range of individual characteristics. Findings – Overall, vocational bachelor graduates experienced fewer difficulties in seeking to enter the labour market during difficult economic circumstances. They did not achieve upward social mobility with a lower probability of obtaining a managerial/professional occupation three years after graduation. These results confirm that diplomas continue to play a central and hierarchized role in France. Originality/value – The originality of this paper is to highlight the labour market transition of vocational bachelor graduates during a period of economic crisis, inquiring on the social benefit of this new diploma in France: what were the impacts of the changing economic conditions and influx of vocational bachelor graduates on their labour market transition and their chances of upward social mobility?

scholarly journals What does someone's gender identity signal to employers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Van Borm ◽  
Marlot Dhoop ◽  
Allien Van Acker ◽  
Stijn Baert
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Multiple Mediation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hiring Discrimination ◽  
Labour Market Discrimination ◽  
Transgender Men

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanisms underlying hiring discrimination against transgender men.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a scenario experiment with final-year business students in which fictitious hiring decisions are made about transgender or cisgender male job candidates. More importantly, these candidates are scored on statements related to theoretical reasons for hiring discrimination given in the literature. The resulting data are analysed using a bivariate analysis. Additionally, a multiple mediation model is run.FindingsSuggestive evidence is found for co-worker and customer taste-based discrimination, but not for employer taste-based discrimination. In addition, results show that transgender men are perceived as being in worse health, being more autonomous and assertive, and have a lower probability to go on parental leave, compared with cisgender men, revealing evidence for (positive and negative) statistical discrimination.Social implicationsTargeted policy measures are needed given the substantial labour market discrimination against transgender individuals measured in former studies. However, to combat this discrimination effectively, one needs to understand its underlying mechanisms. This study provides the first comprehensive exploration of these mechanisms.Originality/valueThis study innovates in being one of the first to explore the relative empirical importance of dominant (theoretical) explanations for hiring discrimination against transgender men. Thereby, the authors take the logical next step in the literature on labour market discrimination against transgender individuals.

Young Adult Social Networks and Labour Market Attachment: Interpersonal Dynamics that Shape Perspectives on Job Attainment

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN R. GRAHAM ◽  
MICHEAL L. SHIER ◽  
MARILYN EISENSTAT
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Racial Minority ◽  
Upward Social Mobility

AbstractFollowing a qualitative study design with young adults (aged seventeen to twenty-nine) of a racialised minority status (n= 36) in a low-income community in Toronto, Canada, we found that social relationships and dynamics greatly influenced perspectives towards labour market success. Respondents identified that interpersonal relationships with employers, family members and neighbourhood/community members influenced their perseverance and motivation for upward social mobility through securing and maintaining employment. The findings highlight the fundamental relationship between perceptions of upward social mobility and individual social capital. In particular, the wide array of social networks that can influence the perspectives of racial minority young adults – both positively and negatively. The findings extend contemporary discussions about the relationship between social capital and career aspirations among racial minority young adults, to include a spectrum of interrelated social networks that collectively aid in improving personal development. While contemporary discussions focus on the utility of informal knowledge sharing about career development and post-secondary attainment, the findings here demonstrate the importance of policy and programme solutions that support the mobilisation of a wider array of embedded social resources, within the social networks of racial minority young adults, that help support positive perceptions towards upward social mobility.

The roles of social enterprises in a Swedish labour market integration programme – opportunities and challenges for social innovation

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Kraff ◽  
Eva Maria Jernsand
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Labour Market Integration ◽  
Work Integration ◽  
Set Up

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the roles of work integration social enterprises (WISEs) in the Swedish establishment programme for newly arrived refugees, and how its set-up affects WISEs preconditions for social innovation. Design/methodology/approach The paper builds on a longitudinal and qualitative action research study of a WISE and its work in organising a course for labour market integration, in the context of the Swedish establishment programme. The authors were actively involved in the study as embedded researchers. Findings The exploration identifies a number of roles that WISEs take on in the establishment programme. It illustrates how WISEs hybrid character places participants at the centre of the innovation process, where their opinions and knowledge are considered crucial, and how this positively affects their ability to gain skills and confidence. However, the study also makes visible how issues of coordination between stakeholders in the programme lead to mismatches between course content and participant profiles, colliding activities and sporadic participation. In short, the bureaucracy embedded in labour market integration systems erodes the preconditions of WISEs to foster social innovation. Originality/value The embeddedness of the authors provides in-depth knowledge regarding how complex state systems affect WISEs in practice. Importantly, it also gives insights into the experiences of refugees, a group that is often mentioned in the literature on WISEs, although mainly in passing.

Gender inequalities in the initial labour market experience of young Europeans

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Berloffa ◽  
Eleonora Matteazzi ◽  
Alina Şandor ◽  
Paola Villa
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Labour Market Institutions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Market Experience

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate gender differences in employment status trajectories of young Europeans during their initial labour market experience, and the way in which they are affected by some labour market institutions. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis is based on EU-SILC longitudinal data (waves 2006–2012), and focusses on young people aged 16–34. Monthly information on self-declared employment statuses for 36 months is used to define “employment status trajectories”. Young people are observed in two different phases: the first three years after leaving education (first phase) and a three-year window, starting around four years after the end of education (2nd phase). Multinomial logit models are used to estimate the probability of following different trajectory types as a function of individual characteristics, macroeconomic conditions and institutional indicators. Findings Results show that, in the first phase, women and men face on average the same difficulties in entering the labour market. When controlling for the presence of children, non-mothers have higher chances than men to enter rapidly and successfully into the labour market, whereas young mothers have the same chances. In contrast, in the second phase women experience more fragmented pathways than men, even if they do not have children. A less stringent regulation on dismissals of employees with regular contracts could enhance women’s employment opportunities in the school-to-work transition, but it would have detrimental effects for both men and women in the subsequent years. On the contrary, a more stringent regulation on the use of temporary contracts would have beneficial effects for women, with no adverse effects for men. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it takes a broader perspective on youth labour market integration by considering two phases of individuals’ initial working life. Second, it combines an explicit attention to the first “significant” employment experience with a focus on individual trajectories, by adopting a new method to group trajectories. Third, it shows how the effects of labour market institutions vary by gender, highlighting the importance of considering gender-specific consequences when discussing or adopting labour market reforms.

scholarly journals Vulnerable workers and the demise of adult education in England

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Wallis ◽  
Lizel Nacua ◽  
Jonathan Winterton
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Community Learning ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Socially Excluded ◽  
Vulnerable Workers

PurposeThis paper reviews changing government policy on adult education in England over the past 20 years and the funding regimes affecting adult and community learning and union-led learning, which play a major role in learning opportunities for socially excluded adults.Design/methodology/approachA review and analysis of extant literature, informed by previous involvement in the sector and ongoing collaborations.FindingsTwo decades ago, adult education in England provided a variety of learning opportunities for people who either had limited qualifications or who needed to reskill for whatever reason. Access to those opportunities has been reduced just when it is most needed.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a review and viewpoint paper based on experience in England, the limitations of which are discussed in the concluding section. Notwithstanding the institutional specificities of adult education in England, many of the implications are generic and have wider relevance beyond this country context.Practical implicationsEconomic recovery post-coronavirus (COVID) and Brexit will require more access to adult education so people can prepare for labour market re-integration. The practical implication of extending provision in adult education to support labour market integration of vulnerable workers is relevant to most countries.Originality/valueThis paper takes a holistic view of adult education, with particular attention to adult and community learning and union-led learning.

New migration patterns will reshape Chinese society

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Upward Social Mobility ◽  
Urban Working

Subject Changes in China's migrant population. Significance China's population of migrant workers has reached a new high of 286.5 million. Almost half now work in inland areas, not the wealthy east coast; most migrate to areas near their homes, not thousands of miles away; and most are not young and footloose -- their average age is 40 and the vast majority have children. However, they remain largely restricted to low-wage jobs and face institutional discrimination, particularly from the 'household registration system' that limits access to welfare and public services. Impacts As urbanisation gathers pace, the position of migrant workers as a new urban working class will be consolidated. The expansion of China’s middle class will slow because migrant workers and their children are denied upward social mobility. The average age of the migrant population will increase; most lack pensions and will rely on their children for support.

A tool to systematise discrimination in labour market integration

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Naegele ◽  
Wouter De Tavernier ◽  
Moritz Hess ◽  
Frerich Frerichs
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Analytical Process ◽  
Labour Market Integration ◽  
Five Phases

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the discourse on labour market discrimination by introducing an analytical process model that offers a template for the systematic analysis of discrimination within the process of labour market integration. Its usage and contribution to the field is exemplified by applying the proposed model to the case of ageism in labour market integration. Design/methodology/approach Five phases and four actors are distinguished that, added together, compose the proposed analytical process model. In the following, the model is used as an analytical framework for a mapping review, aimed at identifying and critically evaluating the vast and extensive literature on ageism in the process of labour market integration. Findings The paper concludes that ageism occurs in all five phases of the integration process, pinpointing potential areas for policy interventions. Furthermore, the authors conclude that the existing literature on ageism in labour market integration is fragmented, with some elements and/or actors within the process so far having received little attention. Originality/value The analytical process model developed in this paper provides the scientific community with a tool to systematise the literature, detect underlying mechanisms and uncover existing research gaps, not only for the case of ageism presented here, but for a vast variety of other –isms. In addition, policy makers, trade unions and employers can use the model to better target and tailor anti-discrimination measures in labour market integration.

Classifying difference in organizing, or how to create monsters

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 614-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Diedrich
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Labour Market Integration ◽  
Validation Procedure ◽  
Empirical Context ◽  
New Perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the operation of classification mechanisms in organizational life, and how they construct the skills and knowledge of initially marginalized client groups. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on an ethnographically inspired case study of a Swedish labour market procedure, which was designed to validate the skills and knowledge of non-western immigrant job-seekers. Qualitative data were generated through observations, in-depth interviews and document analysis. Findings – The study found that, contrary to policy-makers’ intentions, the validation procedure ended up dissociating the non-western job-seekers’ heterogeneous experiences, skills and knowledge from the organizing processes of the labour market, displacing them beyond the boundaries of legitimate knowledge, and reproducing their marginalized position on the labour market. As non-western skills and knowledge were found unclassifiable according to the validation procedure, they were deemed too different and monstrous. Research limitations/implications – The research approach and the specific institutional context of Swedish immigration and labour market policy means that the research results are not readily generalizable to other empirical contexts. Therefore, studies outside of Sweden are needed to generate knowledge about similar policies in other countries. Practical implications – The classification of skills and knowledge and the organizing of difference does not primarily require new tools and methods, but a whole new perspective, which recognizes the multiplicity and heterogeneity of unusual skills and knowledge as an important part of labour market integration. Originality/value – The paper examines the monstrous aspects of classification mechanisms within the empirical context of labour market integration efforts, which is hitherto underexplored in the literature on the management of difference and diversity.

scholarly journals The integration of young workers into the labour market in France

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Stephen Bazen ◽  
Khalid Maman Waziri
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
The Unemployed

Purpose Using a representative survey of young persons having left full-time education in France in 1998 and interviewed in 2001 and 2005, the purpose of this paper is to examine the process of their integration into normal employment (a stable job with a standard employment contract) and the extent to which job matches are inefficient in the sense that the pay in a job is below an individual’s potential earnings. The latter are determined principally by diploma level and educational specialisation, although other forms of training and labour market experience are relevant. Design/methodology/approach A stochastic earnings frontier approach is used in order to examine workers’ ability to capture their full potential earnings in labour markets where there is inefficient job matching (due to the lack of information, discrimination, over-education or the process of integration). Findings The results suggest that young workers manage to obtain on average about 82 per cent of their potential earnings three years after leaving full-time education and earnings inefficiency had disappeared four years later. The results are robust to the treatment of selectivity arising from the exclusion of the unemployed in the estimation of the frontier. Originality/value The stochastic earnings frontier is a useful and appropriate tool for modelling the process of labour market integration of certain groups (young persons, migrants and the long-term unemployed) where over-education due to inefficient initial job matches occurs. Over time this situation tends to be rectified as job mobility leads to improved matching and less inefficiency.

scholarly journals Inequality in the Developing World

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Chronic Poverty ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Policy Concern

Inequality has emerged as a key development challenge. It holds implications for economic growth and redistribution and translates into power asymmetries that can endanger human rights, create conflict, and embed social exclusion and chronic poverty. For these reasons, it underpins intense public and academic debates and has become a dominant policy concern within many countries and in all multilateral agencies. It is at the core of the seventeen goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This book contributes to this important discussion by presenting assessments of the measurement and analysis of global inequality by leading inequality scholars, aligning these to comprehensive reviews of inequality trends in five of the world’s largest developing countries—Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa. Each is a persistently high or newly high inequality context and, with the changing global inequality situation as context, country chapters investigate the main factors shaping their different inequality dynamics. Particular attention is on how broader societal inequalities arising outside of the labour market have intersected with the rapidly changing labour market milieus of the last few decades. Collectively these chapters provide a nuanced discussion of key distributive phenomena like the high concentration of income among the most affluent people, gender inequalities, and social mobility. Substantive tax and social benefit policies that each country implemented to mitigate these inequality dynamics are assessed in detail. The book takes lessons from these contexts back into the global analysis of inequality and social mobility and the policies needed to address inequality.

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