Optimized characterization of response surface methodology on lubricant with titanium oxide nanoparticles

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Syahirah Mohamad ◽  
Salmiah Kasolang
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Contour Plot ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Non Linear System

Purpose An optimized model is often deployed to reduce trial and error in experimental approach and obtain the multi-variant correlation. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM), namely, Box–Behnken design (BBD) approach, has been used to optimize the characterization of lubricant with additives. BBD is based on multivariate analysis whereby the effects of different parameters are considered simultaneously. It is a non-linear system which is more representative of the actual phenomenon. This study aims to investigate the effect of three independent variables, namely, speed, load and concentration of TiO2, on the coefficient of friction (CoF). Design/methodology/approach RSM was applied to get the multiplicity of the self-determining input variables and construct mathematical models. Mathematical models were established to predict the CoF and to conduct a statistical analysis of the independent variables’ interactions on response surface using Minitab 16.0 statistical software. Three parameters were regulated: speed (X1), load (X2) and concentration of TiO2 (X3). The output measured was the CoF. Findings The result obtained from BBD has shown that the most influential parameter was speed, followed by concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles and then normal load. Analysis of variance indicated that the proposed experiment from the quadratic model has successfully interpreted the experimental data with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.9931. From the contour plot of BBD, the optimization zone for interacting variables has been obtained. The zone indicates two regions of lower friction values (<0.04): concentration between 0.5 to 1.0 Wt.% for a speed range of 1,000 to 2,000 rpm, and load between 17 to 20 kg for a speed in the range of 1,200 to 1,900 rpm. The optimized condition shows that the minimum value of CoF (0.0191) is at speed of 1,782 rpm, load of 20 kg and TiO2 concentration of 1.0 Wt.%. Originality/value In general, it has been shown that RSM is an effective and powerful tool in experimental optimization of multi-variants.

scholarly journals Optimizing Adsorption of 17α-Ethinylestradiol from Water by Magnetic MXene Using Response Surface Methodology and Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherm, and Thermodynamics Studies

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3150
Author(s):  
Mengwei Xu ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
Jing Lu ◽  
Zihan Wu ◽  
Xianxin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Adsorption Efficiency ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Adsorption Time ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adsorbent Dose

Magnetic MXene composite Fe3O4@Ti3C2 was successfully prepared and employed as 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) adsorbent from water solution. The response surface methodology was employed to investigate the interactive effects of adsorption parameters (adsorption time, pH of the solution, initial concentration, and the adsorbent dose) and optimize these parameters for obtaining maximum adsorption efficiency of EE2. The significance of independent variables and their interactions were tested by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test statistics. Optimization of the process variables for maximum adsorption of EE2 by Fe3O4@Ti3C2 was performed using the quadratic model. The model predicted maximum adsorption of 97.08% under the optimum conditions of the independent variables (adsorption time 6.7 h, pH of the solution 6.4, initial EE2 concentration 0.98 mg L−1, and the adsorbent dose 88.9 mg L−1) was very close to the experimental value (95.34%). pH showed the highest level of significance with the percent contribution (63.86%) as compared to other factors. The interactive influences of pH and initial concentration on EE2 adsorption efficiency were significant (p < 0.05). The goodness of fit of the model was checked by the coefficient of determination (R2) between the experimental and predicted values of the response variable. The response surface methodology successfully reflects the impact of various factors and optimized the process variables for EE2 adsorption. The kinetic adsorption data for EE2 fitted well with a pseudo-second-order model, while the equilibrium data followed Langmuir isotherms. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Therefore, Fe3O4@Ti3C2 composite present the outstanding capacity to be employed in the remediation of EE2 contaminated wastewaters.

scholarly journals Application of the response surface methodology for the evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus inhibition with Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Olivares-Ramírez ◽  
Leticia López-Zamora ◽  
M.J. Peña-Juárez ◽  
E.J. Gutiérrez-Castañeda ◽  
J.A. Gonzalez-Calderon
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
P Value ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition

Abstract The present work shows the implementation of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), fed by an experimental Central Composite Design (CCD) to find the conditions that allow maximizing the inhibition of the microorganism Staphylococcus aureus with nanoparticles of TiO2 silanized with 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and doped with Ag. In addition, Poly(lactic) acid composites were prepared with these Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles with the aim to confer their antimicrobial effect. The independent variables considered were pH, AgNO3/TiO2 ratio (% w/w), and TiO2 nanoparticles concentration (g/250 mL), and as the variable of response, the length of the diameter of the halo or zone of inhibition presented by the microorganism (mm). Statistical analysis found that maximization of S. aureus inhibition occurs at intermediate levels with a value of 10 for pH and 5 g of TiO2 solids, while for the concentration of AgNO3 high levels are required, greater than 10% w/w. Likewise, the statistical significance was determined using the Student's t-test and the p-value; it was found that the significant effect corresponds to the concentration of AgNO3, so a second experimental CCD design equirradial with two factors was considered, estimating AgNO3 concentration and TiO2 amount, the pH at constant 10 value. The second experimental design indicated that maximization in S. aureus inhibition occurs at an AgNO3 concentration between 20-25% w/w with high amounts of TiO2 solids (7-8 g), with a resulting zone of inhibition between 26-28 mm. The quadratic model obtained, which represents the relationship between the length of the zone of inhibition with the variables considered, shows an adjustment of experimental data with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.82.

scholarly journals Optimization of Chromium Removal by the Indigenous Bacterium Bacillus spp. REP02 Using the Response Surface Methodology

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Venil ◽  
V. Mohan ◽  
P. Lakshmanaperumalsamy ◽  
M. B. Yerima
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Indigenous Bacterium ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Chromium Electroplating ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus

An indigenous bacterium, Bacillus REP02, was isolated from locally sourced chromium electroplating industrial effluents. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the five critical medium parameters responsible for higher % Cr2+ removal by the bacterium Bacillus REP02. A three-level Box-Behnken factorial design was used to optimize K2HPO4, yeast extract, MgSO4, NH4NO3, and dextrose for Cr2+ removal. A coefficient of determination (R2) value (0.93), model F-value (3.92) and its low P-value (F<0.0008) along with lower value of coefficient of variation (5.39) indicated the fitness of response surface quadratic model during the present study. At optimum parameters of K2HPO4 (0.6 g L−1), yeast extract (5.5 g L−1), MgSO4 (0.04 g L−1), NH4NO3 (0.20 g L−1), and dextrose (12.50 g L−1), the model predicted 98.86% Cr2+ removal, and experimentally, 99.08% Cr2+ removal was found.

The optimization of prebiotic sucrose-free mango nectar by response surface methodology: The effect of stevia and inulin on physicochemical and rheological properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainaz Alizadeh ◽  
Amin Seyedan Oskuyi ◽  
Sajed Amjadi
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Optimum Model ◽  
Optimum Sample

The reduction of sugar consumption is one of the major challenges for nutritionists and food industry. Therefore, it is significant to replace sucrose with other types of sweeteners, especially, natural ones. The aim of the present study is to produce low-calorie, sucrose-free mango nectar and to optimize the formulation by employing response surface methodology. The two independent variables were stevia, as a low-calorie sugar replacer (0, 1.5, and 3% w/w) and inulin as a prebiotic texturizer (0, 3, and 6% w/w) in order to compensate sugar elimination defect on viscosity and °Brix. The fitted models indicated a high coefficient of determination. The results revealed that stevia and inulin are as the independent variables which had significant effects on °Brix, viscosity, and sensory scores (p < 0.05). Also, pH was affected by stevia concentration. The rheological behavior of the sucrose-free mango nectar was non-Newtonian, shear thinning as Herschel–Bulkley model which was not different from the reported behavior for normal mango nectar-containing sucrose. The optimization of the variables, based on the response surface three-dimensional plots, demonstrated that utilizing 6% w/w inulin and 3% w/w stevia produced the optimum mango nectar with the desirability of 0.85 without undesirable changes in the physicochemical and organoleptic properties. The optimum sample was produced in triplicate to validate the optimum model as well.

Optimization of L-Arabinose Hydrolization from Corn Fibers Using Response Surface Methodology

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1662-1666
Author(s):  
Ze Sheng Zhang ◽  
Min Zheng ◽  
Hong Fei Zou
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Corn Fibers

The main objective of this study was to optimize the hydrolyzing conditions of L-Arabinose from corn fibers. The response surface methodology was used for the optimization. Independent variables were the concentration of the oxalic acid (2-4%), the hydrolysis time (3.5-4.5h) ,the dosage of the oxalic acid(6-10ml/g,v/w)and the reaction temperature (80-100°C). Significant regression model describing the changes of L-Arabinose yield with respect to hydrolysis parameters were established with the coefficient of determination, R2= 0.9501.Data were analyzed by Design Expert 7.0 and regression analysis. The L-Arabinose yield ranged from 7.53% to 11.46%. The models had significant effects on L-Arabinose yield at P<0.05. Optimum the hydrolysis time, the concentration of the oxalic acid, the dosage of the oxalic acid and the reaction temperature were 3.86h, 3.97%, 6mL/g (v/w) and 100°C, respectively. This combination gave 11.46% L-Arabinose yield.

Detoxification of photo-catalytically treated 2-chlorophenol: optimization through response surface methodology

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Z. Ahamd ◽  
S. Ehtisham-ul-Haque ◽  
Numrah Nisar ◽  
Khizar Qureshi ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Toc Removal

The present study was conducted to degrade and detoxify 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) under UV irradiation in the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The treatment efficiency was evaluated on the basis of degradation and cytotoxicity reduction as well as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The process variables such as TiO2, pH, UV irradiation time and H2O2 were optimized. Central composite design in combination with response surface methodology was employed to optimize the process variables. A quadratic model was proposed to predict the treatment efficiency and analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of the variables. The correlation between the experimental and predicted degradation was confirmed by the F and P values (&lt;0.05). The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99) were high enough to support the validity of developed model. At optimized conditions, up to 92% degradation of 2-CP was achieved with 3.5 × 10−4 s−1 rate constant. Significant reductions in BOD, COD and TOC values were also achieved. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using bioassays and it was observed that UV/TiO2/H2O2 reduced the cytotoxicity considerably. It is concluded that UV/TiO2/H2O2 could possibly be used to detoxify 2-CP in industrial wastewater.

scholarly journals Optimization Study of Biomass Hydrogenation to Ethylene Glycol Using Response Surface Methodology

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Poh Gaik Law ◽  
Noor Haida Sebran ◽  
Ashraf Zin Zawawi ◽  
Azlan Shah Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Binary Catalyst

Statistical-based study using response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted to study the effects of process parameters towards biomass hydrogenation. Using Malaysian oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) fibres as feedstock, the central composite design (CCD) technique was employed and 18 runs were generated by CCD when four parameters (mass ratio of binary catalyst, hydrogen pressure, temperature and mass ratio of catalyst to feedstock) were varied with two center points to determine the effects of process parameters and eventually to get optimum ethylene glycol (EG) yield. RSM with quadratic function was generated for biomass hydrogenation, indicating all factors except temperature, were important in determining EG yield. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination (R2) value of >0.98, ensuring a satisfactory prediction of the quadratic model with experimental data. The quadratic model suggested the optimum EG yield should be >25 wt.% and the EG yield results were successfully reproduced in the laboratory.

Optimization of Protein Extraction from Fermented and Non Fermented Perah Seed by using Response Surface Methodology

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamimah Satirah Mazlan ◽  
, Ida Idayu Muhamad ◽  
Nor Diana Hassan ◽  
Nuraimi Azlan Hadi Tan
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Contour Plot ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Degree Equation

The optimum protein extraction from fermented and non-fermented Perah seed (Elateriospermumtapos) was investigated using the response surface methodology (RSM). A box-behnken design with three independent variables which are NaOH concentration (6, 8 and 10%), extraction time (10, 20 and 30 minutes) and solvent/meal ratio (50:1, 100:1 and 150:1, v/w) was used to study the response of protein yield. A second-degree equation for independent and response variables was produced from simulation to obtain the contour plot graphs. The best protein extraction procedure from both fermented and non-fermented Perah seed was obtained at 5.5% of solvent extraction, 40:1 ratio of solvent/meal and at 32 minutes of reaction time. Surface concentration and ratio of solvent/meal were found to influence the protein yield from fermented seed; meanwhile only the solvent concentration influenced protein yield from non-fermented seed. The maximum protein yields for both fermented and non-fermented Perah seeds were 18.0 g/100g and 5.0 g/100g seed meal respectively.  

scholarly journals Process Optimization Study of Zn2+ Adsorption on Biochar-Alginate Composite Adsorbent by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata Biswas ◽  
Manisha Bal ◽  
Sushanta Behera ◽  
Tushar Sen ◽  
Bhim Meikap
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Composite Adsorbent ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Optimization Study ◽  
Adsorbent Dose

A novel biochar alginate composite adsorbent was synthesized and applied for removal of Zn2+ ions from aqueous solution. Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies showed the suitability of the adsorbent. From a Langmuir isotherm study, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the composite adsorbent was found to be 120 mg/g. To investigate the effect of process variables like initial Zn2+ concentration (25–100 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.4–8 g/L) and temperature (298–318 K) on Zn2+ adsorption, response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three independent variables central composite design of experiments was employed. A quadratic model equation was developed to predict the relationship between the independent variables and response for maximum Zn2+ removal. The optimization study reveals that the initial Zn2+ concentration and adsorbent dose were the most effective parameters for removal of Zn2+ due to higher magnitude of F-statistic value which effects to a large extent of Zn2+ removal. The optimum physicochemical condition for maximum removal of Zn2+ was determined from the RSM study. The optimum conditions are 43.18 mg/L initial metal ion concentration, 0.062 g adsorbent dose and a system temperature of 313.5 K. At this particular condition, the removal efficiency of Zn2+ was obtained as 85%.

scholarly journals Obtaining process of interpolymeric complexes from lactalbumin, xanthan gum and pectin

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Coimbra Zuvanov ◽  
Edwin Elard Garcia-rojas ◽  
Clitor Júnior Fernandes de Souza ◽  
Eliana da Silva Gulão ◽  
Luciano José Barreto Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Optimization Process ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Nacl Concentration

In this work, the optimization process of interpolymeric complexes formation between lactalbumin and the polysaccharides xanthan gum and pectin was studied in order to define the optimum conditions for the complexes formation. For the experimental design, response surface methodology (RSM) for three independent variables was used. The optimum conditions for the complexes formation between lactalbumin and xanthan gum were: pH 6.6, NaCl concentration of 0.6 mol/L and xanthan gum concentration 0.083% w/v. And for the complexes formed between pectin and lactalbumin the conditions were: pH 6.6, NaCl concentration of 0.25 mol/L and pectin concentration of 0.113% w/v. The best fitted model for the experimental data was that corresponding to the complex xanthan gum-lactalbumin, whose coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.97.

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