The importance of 2 per cent PTFE/FeF3 additives in engine fully formulated oil for reducing friction and wear under boundary lubrication condition

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabi N Nehme ◽  
Saeed Ghalambor
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Lubrication ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Lubrication Condition ◽  
Minimum Wear

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the topics of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) in engine oil. Very reproducible boundary lubrication tests were conducted as part of Design of Experiments software to study the behavior of fluorinated catalyst iron fluoride (FeF3) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the development of environment-friendly (reduced P and S) anti-wear additives for future engine oil formulations. Multi-component fully formulated oils were used with and without the addition of PTFE and fluorinated catalyst to characterize and analyze their performance. Design/methodology/approach – A boundary lubrication protocol was used in the DOE tests to study their tribological behavior. Lubricant additives like PTFE and FeF3 catalyst were used at different concentrations to investigate the wear resistance and the time for a full breakdown under extreme loading conditions. Experiments indicated that new sub-micron FeF3 catalyst plays an important role in preventing the breakdown of the tribofilm. Findings – This paper explores the effect of PTFE and FeF3 catalyst on the performance of fully formulated engine oils. The purpose was to develop equations for minimum wear volume and maximum time for full breakdown. Emphasis was, therefore, given to conditions where the additives were working effectively for minimizing zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (P per cent). Lubricating oils are normally multi-component additivated systems. They contain different additives such as viscosity improvers, detergents, dispersants and antioxidants. It is known that these additives interact at the surface, affecting the function of the lubricating oil. Therefore, it is important to note that the performance with PTFE and FeF3 catalyst was significantly improved when compared to fully formulated commercial oils used alone. Originality/value – Lubricating oils are normally multi-component additivated systems. They contain different additives such as viscosity improvers, detergents, dispersants and antioxidants. It is known that these additives interact at the surface, affecting the function of the lubricating oil. Therefore, it is important to note that the performance with PTFE and FeF3 catalyst was significantly improved when compared to fully formulated commercial oils used alone.

Characterization of the friction and wear effects of graphene nanoparticles in oil on the ring/cylinder liner of internal combustion engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-652
Author(s):  
Selman Demirtas ◽  
Hakan Kaleli ◽  
Mahdi Khadem ◽  
Dae-Eun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Lubrication ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Surface Protection ◽  
Lubrication Condition ◽  
Nano Additives

Purpose This study aims to investigate the tribological characteristics of a Napier-type second piston ring against a cylinder liner in the presence of graphene nano-additives mixed into 5W40 fully synthetic engine oil. Design/methodology/approach Wear tests were carried out in the boundary lubrication condition using a reciprocating tribometer, and real engine tests were performed using a single spark ignition Honda GX 270 test engine for a duration of 75 h. Findings The experimental results of the tribometer tests revealed that the nano-additives formed a layer on the rubbed surfaces of both the piston ring and the cylinder liner. However, this layer was only formed at the top dead center of the cylinder liner during the engine tests. The accumulation of carbon (C) from the graphene was heavily detected on the rubbed surface of piston ring/cylinder liner, mixed with other additive elements such as Ca, Zn, S and P. Overall, the use of graphene nano-additives in engine oil was found to improve the frictional behavior in the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes. Abrasive wear was found to be the main mechanism occurring on the surface of both piston rings and cylinder liners. Originality/value Though many researchers have discussed the potential benefits of graphene as a nano-additive in oil to reduce the friction and wear in laboratory tests using tribometers, to date, no actual engine tests have been performed. In this paper, both tribometer and real engine tests were performed on a piston ring and cylinder liner using a fully formulated oil with and without graphene nano-additives in the boundary lubrication condition. It was found that a graphene nano-additive plays an active role in lowering the coefficient of friction and increasing surface protection and lubrication by forming a protective layer on the rubbing surfaces.

A scuffing model considering additive depletion in boundary lubrication

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
Bora Lee ◽  
Yonghun Yu ◽  
Yong-Joo Cho
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Lubrication ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Additive Concentration ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Sliding Bearings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Lubrication Condition ◽  
Scuffing Failure ◽  
Sliding Distance

Purpose This paper aims to propose a new scuffing model caused by the depletion of additives in boundary lubrication condition. Design/methodology/approach The differential equation governing the distribution of additive content in the fluid film was used. This formula was derived from the principle of mass conservation of additives considering the consumption due to surface adsorption of wear particles. The occurrence of scuffing was determined by comparing the wear rate of the oxide layer with the oxidation rate. Findings If the additive becomes depleted while sliding, the scuffing failure occurs even at a low-temperature condition below the critical temperature. The critical sliding distance at which scuffing failure occurred was suggested. The experimental data of the existing literature and the theoretical prediction using the proposed model are shown to be in good agreement. Originality/value It is expected to be used in the design of oil supply grooves for sliding bearings operating under extreme conditions or in selecting the minimum initial additive concentration required to avoid scuffing failure under given contact conditions.

Effect of hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles as an additive on the extreme pressure properties of engine oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah ◽  
Mohd Fadzli Bin Abdollah ◽  
Noreffendy Tamaldin ◽  
Hilmi Amiruddin ◽  
Nur Rashid Mat Nuri
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Hexagonal Boron Nitride ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Extreme Pressure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Sonication Technique

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effect of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles on extreme pressure (EP) properties when used as an additive in lubricating oil. Design/methodology/approach The nano-oil was prepared by dispersing an optimal composition of 0.5 vol. per cent of 70 nm hBN in SAE 15W-40 diesel engine oil using a sonication technique. The tribological testing was performed using a four-ball tribometer according to the ASTM standard. Findings It was found that the nano-oil has a potential to decelerate the seizure point on the contact surfaces, where higher EP can be obtained. More adhesive wear was observed on the worn surfaces of ball bearing lubricated with SAE 15W-40 diesel engine oil as compared with the nano-oil lubrication. Originality/value The results of the experimental studies demonstrated the potential of hBN as an additive for improving the load-carrying ability of lubricating oil.

Comparison of tribological performances of sulfur based and boron succuminide containing antiwear additive with ZDDP by engine bench tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doğuş Özkan ◽  
M. Barış Yağci ◽  
Özgür Birer ◽  
Hakan Kaleli
Keyword(s):  
Antiwear Additive ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bench Tests ◽  
Lubrication Oil ◽  
Lubrication Oils ◽  
Tribological Characterization

Purpose This study aims to evaluate and compare by 100 hours engine bench tests the tribological performances of two types of lubrication oils, which were sulfur-based, boron succinimide-containing antiwear package (NP-3) oil and conventional zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)-containing (R-1) oil. Design/methodology/approach The tribological performances of the oils were evaluated in three main contexts, including engine tests, physical/chemical changes and surface analysis. Findings Results showed that NP-3 lubrication oil, which was environment- and catalyst-friendly, can be an alternative lubrication oil with its tribological performance due to similar antiwear characteristics with the ZDDP. Originality/value Attempts to develop catalysis- and environment-friendly antiwear additive packages have not presented popular or commonly used ZDDP-free products for the vehicle industry. This study presents tribological characterization of a newly developed ZDDP-free lubricating oil by engine bench tests.

Synthesis and evaluation of ashless detergent/dispersant additives for lubricating engine oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 622-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehal S. Ahmed ◽  
Hamdy S. Abdel-Hameed ◽  
Ahmed F. El-Kafrawy ◽  
Amal M. Nassar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Automotive Engines ◽  
Carbonaceous Deposits ◽  
New Compounds

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to solve the problem of carbonaceous deposits in automotive engines by preparing different ashless detergent/dispersant additives based on propylene oxide (PO) and different amines. Carbonaceous deposits in automotive engines are the major problems associated with oil aging. Efficient detergents and dispersants have been used to solve this problem, particularly in lubricating oils. Design/methodology/approach – The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for determination of molecular weight. This was followed by the evaluation of the prepared compounds such as detergent/dispersant and antioxidants additives for lubricating engine oil using several techniques such as variation of viscosity ratio, change in total acid number, optical density using infrared techniques, spot method, determination of sludge and determination the potential detergent dispersant efficiency (PDDE). Findings – All the prepared compounds were found to be soluble in lubricating oil. The efficiency of the prepared compounds such as antioxidant and detergent/dispersant additives for lubricating oil was investigated. It was found that the additives have excellent power of dispersion, detergency and the most efficient additives such as antioxidant those prepared by using n,n-dimethyloctadecylamine (NDOA) and di-n-butyl dithio phosphoric acid. Practical implications – The paper includes preparation of new compounds from the reaction of propoxylated amines and different organic acids and evaluates them as detergent/dispersant and antioxidants additives by using several techniques. Originality/value – This paper fulfils an identified need to prepare new compounds from the reaction of propoxylated amines and different organic acids and evaluates them as additives by using different methods. All were found to have better efficiency as compared with commercial additives.

Synthesis and tribological properties of oil-soluble copper nanoparticles as environmentally friendly lubricating oil additives

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujuan Zhang ◽  
Yaohua Xu ◽  
Yuangbin Yang ◽  
Shengmao Zhang ◽  
Pingyu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Liquid Paraffin ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Cu Nanoparticles ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oil Additives ◽  
Lubricating Oil Additives

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to synthesize oil-soluble copper (Cu) nanoparticles modified with free phosphorus and sulfur modifier and investigate its tribological properties as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives. Design/methodology/approach – To improve the anti-oxidation properties of these nanoparticles, two kinds of surface modifiers, oleic acid and oleylamine were used simultaneously. The morphology, composition, structure and thermal properties of as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis. The tribological properties of as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles as an additive in liquid paraffin were evaluated with a four-ball friction and wear tester. Findings – It has been found that an as-synthesized Cu nanoparticle has a size of 2-5 nm and can be well dispersed in organic solvents. Tribological properties evaluation results show that as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles possess excellent anti-wear properties as an additive in liquid paraffin. The reason lies in that as-synthesized surface-capped Cu nanoparticles are able to deposit on sliding steel surface and form a low-shearing-strength protective layer thereon, showing promising application as an environmentally acceptable lubricating oil additive, owing to its free phosphorus and sulfur elements characteristics. Originality/value – Oil-soluble surface-modified Cu nanoparticles without phosphorus and sulfur were synthesized and its tribological properties as lubricating oil additives were also investigated in this paper. These results could be very helpful for application of Cu nanoparticles as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives.

Water deteriorates lubricating oils: removal of water in lubricating oils using a robust superhydrophobic membrane

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 11703-11710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyang Zhao ◽  
Lu Tie ◽  
Zhiguang Guo ◽  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Low Wear ◽  
Steady Performance

Lubricating oil failure caused by water is solved by a robust membrane that shows steady performance in regard to extreme water repellency, high-efficiency purification of lubricating oils, and low wear volume even after harsh mechanical damage.

Experimental studies on the tribological behaviour of engine oil (SAE15W40) with the addition of CuO nanoparticles

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manu V. Thottackkad ◽  
P.K. Rajendrakumar ◽  
K. Prabhakaran Nair
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Viscosity Coefficient ◽  
Cuo Nanoparticles ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Tribological Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
Percentage Basis

Purpose – This manuscript aims to deal with the tribological property variations of engine oil (SAE15W40) by the addition of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on weight percentage basis. Design/methodology/approach – Experimental studies on the influence of CuO nanoparticles utilised as an additive in lubricating oil (SAE15W40) under boundary lubrication conditions have been carried out using a pin-on-disc machine in accordance with ASTM G-99 standard. The variation of viscosity, coefficient of friction, wear and settling of nanoparticles has been studied as a function of particle concentration in the lubricant. Findings – Results show that the frictional force and specific wear rate decrease with an increase in concentration of nanoparticles comes to a minimum at a specific concentration and then increases, showing the presence of an optimum concentration. With the increase in concentration of nanoparticles, the kinematic and dynamic viscosities, and the flash and fire points are found to increase. Originality/value – The use of CuO nanoparticles as additives to a moderate level is a very efficient means of improving the tribological properties of lubricating oils.

scholarly journals Analysis of selected results of engine oil tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 302 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Bogdan Landowski ◽  
Monika Baran
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Drive Unit ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Rotary Viscometer

The study presents selected results of viscosity tests performed for different temperatures of lubricating oil with viscosity marked as 5w30. Viscosity tests of new oil and oil right after being used have been compared. Lubricating oil used in a drive unit of a passenger car was tested. A vehicle in which oil had been changed irregularly was purposefully selected for the tests. Its mileage was over 15-20 thousand kilometers. Upon testing the vehicle mileage was above 265 thousand kilometers. The values of selected characteristics of the analyzed engine oils have been determined including: density, kinematic viscosity and viscosity index. FUNGILAB rotary viscometer was used for measurement of the oil kinematic viscosity.

The influence of surface roughness and viscosity on micropitting damage

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Liantao Lu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Boundary Lubrication ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Wear Loss ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Lubrication Condition ◽  
Laser Confocal Microscope

Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of surface roughness and viscosity on micropitting and their influence sequence. Design/methodology/approach Specimens were made of carburized and quenched 18CrNiMo7-6, and different surface roughness was obtained by grinding and shot peening. Tests were carried out on a rolling-sliding tribometer, with different viscosity lubricants and a heavy load under a boundary lubrication condition. The laser confocal microscope was used to measure the aspects, surface roughness, profiles in the contacted region and micropitting damage percentage. A factorial experiment was designed, and the range analysis was applied to find the sequence of influence of surface roughness and viscosity. Findings The result shows that surface roughness has a more noticeable influence since the change of viscosity cannot generate sufficient wear loss to suppress micropitting. Originality/value The influence sequence of two factors on micropitting was investigated and the reason for the distribution was analyzed.

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