scholarly journals Understanding small-firm reactions to free trade agreements

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Battisti ◽  
Tanya Jurado ◽  
Martin Perry
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Small Firm ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Marketing Models

Purpose – Despite the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) internationally, the limited research available on the subject indicates that few SMEs consider the existence of these agreements as a reason to engage in international markets or expand their existing international engagement. The purpose of this paper is to identify and augment SME international marketing models building on Merrilees and Tiessen's (1999) work; and to explain how these marketing models condition the reaction of small firm exporters to FTAs. Design/methodology/approach – This study comprised in-depth interviews with 51 SME exporters in New Zealand. Participants were selected purposefully and were interviewed in a face-to-face, semi-structured format. Findings – Five international marketing strategies were identified drawing on prior models of international marketing: sales-driven, relationship-driven, international boutique, arbitrager and market seeder. These models are characterised by different relationships to markets and to buyers served, and by the extent of customisation in the export offering. By using these models the authors analyse why SMEs have yet to significantly capitalise on the opportunities provided by New Zealand's recent wave of trade agreements. Research limitations/implications – This study acknowledges the diversity of international marketing strategies between seemingly similar firms by recognising that approaches generally viewed as unlikely to bring success in international markets can work when applied in a particular way and in a particular context. As such the results may offer a useful starting point for the customisation of policy advice on exporting in terms of the context in which SMEs operate. Originality/value – As well as advancing theoretical perspectives on SME international marketing strategies, the findings are presented as a contribution to the as yet limited evaluation of how SMEs in New Zealand have responded to the emerging opportunities created by FTAs. The interest in filling this gap is part of a growing recognition that factors related to the firm's trading environment have been largely neglected in policy considerations.

Brexit will be damaging for UK-EU services trade

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Services Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Trade Deals ◽  
The Eu

Significance Even if it succeeds, this will have a greater disruptive impact on the trade in services than goods, because the EU’s single market enables greater cross-border services trade than is typical of other free trade agreements (FTAs). This is likely to cut the volume of EU-UK services trade, in which the United Kingdom currently enjoys a substantial surplus. Impacts The United Kingdom’s departure from the EU will diminish its appeal for multinationals over the next few years, at least. The new UK immigration system could result in staff shortages in low-skilled services sectors. The imperative of tackling COVID-19 will likely delay the conclusion of new trade deals with non-EU countries.

scholarly journals Trade Special Issue: Foreword

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Meredith Kolsky Lewis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
Fisheries Subsidies ◽  
Domestic Sale

This foreword introduces four articles featured in this volume of the Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, all of which address trade law from diverse angles: Oliver Delvos "WTO Disciplines and Fisheries Subsidies – Should the SCM Agreement Be Modified?" (2005) 37 VUWLR 341; Thomas A Faunce, Kellie Johnston, and Hilary Bambrick "Trans-Tasman Therapeutic Products Authority: Potential AUSFTA Impacts on Safety and Cost-Effectiveness Regulation for Medicines and Medical Devices in New Zealand" (2005) 37 VUWLR 365; Jane Kelsey "Free Trade Agreements – Boon or Bane: Through the Lens of PACER" (2005) 37 VUWLR 391; and Nicholas Whittington "Reconsidering Domestic Sale of Goods Remedies in Light of CISG" (2005) 37 VUWLR 421.

scholarly journals Old Seeland, New Netherland and New Zealand: Some Thoughts on the Possible "Discovery" of Investment Treaty Arbitration in New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Lucy Reed ◽  
Robert Kirkness
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Netherland ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
Evolving System ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
Investment Treaty Arbitration

New Zealand has to date enjoyed the luxury of engaging with the modern investment treaty regime through only three free-trade agreements with compulsory investor-State arbitration clauses. This may be about to change. New Zealand is negotiating a series of further free-trade agreements, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, many of which are likely to provide for investor-State dispute resolution. New Zealand faces a choice in these negotiations: should it reject investment treaty arbitration on the basis that the risks, especially the perceived risks of restricted freedom to regulate, are too great or instead seek to make use of the opportunities investment treaty arbitration presents? This article looks at the evolving system of investment treaty arbitration and the different ways in which States seek to make use of it, with a focus on the Netherlands, the United States, and New Zealand.

scholarly journals Assessing the Economic Impact of North-South Free Trade Agreements -- China-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement and China-Australia Free Trade Agreement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jinzhu Zhou
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Competition Effect ◽  
The North

<p>This research develops a model of assessing the economic impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) between developed countries and developing countries (north-south FTAs). This model goes beyond the conventional studies that use static effects in traditional gains as primary indicators of the economic impact, and incorporates dynamics effects as well as non-traditional gains for a more accurate assessment. The research uses China's north-south FTAs, namely, China's FTA with New Zealand - the first comprehensive FTA that China has signed with a developed country - and the proposed FTA between China and Australia. Both cases provide an ideal empirical basis for testing the proposed model. After introduction of the research problem, design and methodology, Part I of the study provides a general discussion of the FTAs between China and New Zealand, and China and Australia as a background to the research. Part II starts with the conventional model of traditional gains. It first demonstrates how the static effect of the north-south FTA is analyzed in Robson's three-country model. It shows that in his model, the trade creation effect is dominant in the free trade area. The study then introduces the concept of dynamic effect of traditional gains. The study first uses the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index to analyse the competition effect of trade in goods by industries among China, New Zealand and Australia. It then discusses the competition effect of trade in services in categories through Trade Competitive Power (TC) indexes. The study further examines the effect of investment creation after the China-New Zealand FTA and China-Australia FTA entered into force. The findings of this section on the dynamic effect are that China would have negative impact on cattle husbandry, forestry, mining and some categories of services which are also the industries that New Zealand and Australia would further develop in China's market. In Part III, the study discusses non-traditional gains as important indicators of the economic impact of FTAs. It incorporates the hub & spoke theory (H&S) with Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) strategies of China, New Zealand and Australia. The study shows that the north-south FTAs are important components for both developed countries and developing countries' RTAs strategies. The China-New Zealand FTA and the proposed China-Australia FTA are the wedges between China and the advanced economies system. Meanwhile, the China-New Zealand FTA will be a model for future north-south FTAs involving China. This thesis contributes to our understanding of the complicated and dynamic relationship between FTAs among countries of different levels of economic development and their overall economic growth and development. It also adds to our knowledge about how this relationship can be better analyzed and explained.</p>

New Zealand TPP approval is likely despite opposition

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Housing Boom

Significance New Zealand's main political parties are divided on TPP ratification, which marks the first such division on a trade agreement in 40 years. The main opposition Labour party has opposed the agreement on the basis of 'sovereignty' issues. The political split reflects a wider public concern than there was about past free trade agreements about the degree to which the inclusion of an investor-state dispute clause in the TPP could constrain the ability of the New Zealand government to formulate national policy. Impacts A housing boom in Auckland has fuelled construction, but the rebuild of earthquake-devastated Christchurch has peaked. Early ratification of the TPP by New Zealand may expose acceptable concessions should US rejection lead to renegotiation of the pact. New Zealand's dairy sector may benefit from a 2017 price rebound should EU oversupply retract in the second half of 2016.

Merger will strengthen Japan's shipping sector

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Shipping ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Retail Prices

Subject Developments in the Japanese shipping industry and the international shipping market. Significance Three of Japan’s largest shipping lines -- Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Mitsui OSK and Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha -- plan to consolidate their operations in July 2017 to save an estimated 1 billion dollars per year. The three lines combined will control an estimated 7% of the global market, and expand their share of the increasingly critical trans-Pacific market, which has realigned significantly in response to the bankruptcy of South Korean shipping firm Hanjin in August. Impacts This major consolidation may prompt other carriers in other states to follow suit. Powerful new opposition to free trade agreements in major economies will lead to previously unexpected trade contractions. Retail prices for goods imported from East Asia will likely rise.

Seoul’s next leader will prioritise global ambitions

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
South Korea ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Content Type

Significance Moon Jae-in’s preoccupations in his final year as president will remain local -- not least, coordinating policy on North Korea with the Biden administration. However, his successor, to be elected in March 2022, will have broader horizons. Impacts Ignoring Pyongyang may prompt new and potentially bloody provocations, as happened to President Lee Myung-bak in 2010. South Korea will pursue fresh free trade agreements. Its declared intention to join the CPTPP has not yet yielded a specific roadmap. Asia will remain Seoul’s main focus; South Asia, especially India, offers many untapped synergies. ‘Top table’ ambitions such as the G7 summit will make it more difficult for Seoul to ignore human rights in its diplomacy, as it used to.

New media marketing as a driver of enterprise country of origin (COO) offer in international markets

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetris Vrontis ◽  
Gianpaolo Basile
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
New Media ◽  
Web 2.0 ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThe paper aims to highlight the role of Web 2.0 in international marketing, shedding light on the relationships existing between the country of origin effect and consumer behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe current study, drawn on the country of the origin (COO)W literature and Web 2.0 diffusion data, investigates the relationships between country of origin – seen as an idiosyncratic entrepreneurial offer – and the consumer, within an international marketing framework. Specifically, the paper focuses on the increasing role of Web 2.0 and social media as tools enabling enterprises to create and maintain adaptive and networking capabilities and to implement international marketing strategies.FindingsThe findings presented here reveal that international marketing is becoming increasingly similar to domestic marketing because of social media development. In other words, it is becoming more and more difficult for international products to contain themselves within single markets as local issues seldom remain local.Originality/valueThis paper fills a gap in the international marketing literature focusing on how social media, particularly in a pandemic era, can improve and enhance relationships between the product of origin and consumer behavior both in the assessment and in the actual purchase of products.

Seoul’s new foreign minister faces manifold challenges

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Global Status

Significance Her successor is Chung Eui-yong, President Moon Jae-in’s former national security advisor. At his swearing-in yesterday, Chung called peace with Pyongyang “a must-go path”. At his confirmation hearing on February 5, he insisted that Kim Jong-un “still has the intention to denuclearise”. Moon’s term ends in May 2022, giving Chung little time. Impacts The crisis over Iran’s seizure of a South Korean ship looks close to resolution. Chung’s and Moon’s focus on Pyongyang will devour energies that could have been spent on cementing Seoul’s global status. Long an enthusiast for free trade agreements (FTAs), which have bipartisan support, Seoul is readying to join the region’s two mega-FTAs.

US-Africa plan has promise but will not displace China

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Senior Administration ◽  
Trade And Investment

Subject Outlook for Washington's Prosper Africa initiative. Significance Six months on from the unveiling of its new Africa policy, the Trump administration’s signature new initiative -- Prosper Africa -- has finally been revealed. Prosper Africa intensifies Washington’s prioritisation of trade over aid and will attempt to double two-way trade and investment by 2025. Impacts Limited engagement by senior administration officials may hinder implementation and legitimisation. Washington will focus on new bilateral free trade agreements, though the wider African Growth and Opportunity Act should remain in place. Washington’s political engagement with Africa will remain relatively limited.

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