Growth Patterns in Incremental Self-Build Housing in Chile

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo García Alvarado ◽  
Dirk Donath ◽  
Luis Felipe González Böhme
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Qualitative Reasoning ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Individual

Over the past three decades, a small community of eighty-four Chilean low-income families has built and improved their home incrementally, without any technical assistance, showing an impressive performance. A six square meters bathroom on a serviced plot of land with individual connection to potable water, sewerage, electricity and access roads, worked as a starting point back in 1974. However particular their rationale may seem, the individual history of their housing process reveals some general regularities in occurrence and duration of self-build activities, as well as size and allocation of the domestic spaces. A small random sample of fifteen households was selected to tell the story and explain the whys, hows, and whens of an ever-evolving housing process. Semi-structured interviews and building surveys were both combined to reconstruct the sequence of states of each housing process, with the awareness of the characteristic imprecision of oral information transfer. Alternative states were explored by constraint programming methods and spatial qualitative reasoning. Considering the hard constraints over the site morphology and services allocation, the results of the exploration stress how extraordinary lucid and intuitive the surveyed families are when making their design decisions. The article exposes a reconstructive case study on spontaneous growth patterns underlying an unassisted, incremental self-build housing dynamics.

scholarly journals Legal aspects of technical assistance in urban landholding regularization provided for in the Brazilian Law 11888/2008 and its impact in the state of Paraíba, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
George Baracuhy Cruz Viana ◽  
Edson Ricardo Saleme
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The State ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

This paper analyzes the role of the state in its mission of ensuring the existence of sustainable cities with adequate housing and meeting the standards set by current legal dictates. For this purpose, firstly, the right to housing guaranteed by the current Constitution, in its article 6 caput, is assessed as one of the most basic needs of the individual, considered a fundamental right since 1948 by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This paper also investigates the guarantee of decent housing for the citizen is effective, as provided for in the City Statute, Law No. 10257, 2001, especially with the publication of Law n. 11.888 /2008, which guarantees free public assistance in the project and construction of social housing for low-income families. This rule regulates the hiring of professionals who, while preserving their urban legislation, ensure compliance with an adequately sustainable environment. This article will use the hypothetical-deductive method and the bibliographic research methodology.  

scholarly journals “You run out of hope:” An Exploration of Low-Income Parents’ Experiences with Food Insecurity using Photovoice

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Payge Lindow ◽  
Irene H. Yen ◽  
Mingyu Xiao ◽  
Cindy W. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Unhealthy Eating ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Objective: Using an adaption of the Photovoice method, this study explored how food insecurity affected parents’ ability to provide food for their family, their strategies for managing household food insecurity, and the impact of food insecurity on their well-being. Design: Parents submitted photos around their families’ experiences with food insecurity. Afterwards, they completed in-depth, semi-structured interviews about their photos. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed for thematic content using the constant comparative method. Setting: San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA. Subjects: 17 parents (14 mothers and 3 fathers) were recruited from a broader qualitative study on understanding the experiences of food insecurity in low-income families. Results: Four themes were identified from the parents’ photos and interviews. First, parents described multiple aspects of their food environment that promoted unhealthy eating behaviors. Second, parents shared strategies they employed to acquire food with limited resources. Third, parents expressed feelings of shame, guilt, and distress resulting from their experience of food insecurity. And finally, parents described treating their children to special foods to cultivate a sense of normalcy. Conclusions: Parents highlighted the external contributors and internal struggles of their experiences of food insecurity. Additional research to understand the experiences of the food-insecure families may help to improve nutrition interventions targeting this structurally vulnerable population.

Domestic Violence and Poverty

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilze Slabbert
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Abused Women ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Low Income Families

Purpose: Domestic violence poses a major challenge to social workers. Low-income families are significantly more likely to have to contend with domestic violence, as poverty can act as a fuelling factor in this type of conflict. The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of low-income abused women. Method: A qualitative research approach was followed to explore and describe the phenomenon of low-income abused women. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to obtain 20 participants. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews. The data were categorized into four themes. Results: Domestic violence and poverty are issues that some women might experience. Low-income abused women are especially more vulnerable to domestic violence and poverty limits choices and resources. Conclusion: Domestic violence and poverty should be seen in a serious light. Social workers should recognise the complexity and correlation between domestic violence and poverty.

scholarly journals Do Rising Top Income Shares Affect the Incomes or Earnings of Low and Middle-Income Families?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Thompson ◽  
Elias Leight
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract This paper uses US state panel data to explore the relationship between the share of income received by affluent households and the level of income and earnings received by low and middle-income families. A rising top share of income can potentially lead to increases in the incomes of low and middle-income families if economic growth is sufficiently responsive to increases in inequality. A substantial literature on the impacts of inequality on economic growth exists, but has failed to achieve consensus, with various studies finding positive impacts, negative impacts, and no impacts on growth from increased levels of income inequality. This paper departs from that literature by exploring the effect of inequality on the standard of living of middle-income and low-income families. In the context of rising inequality, increased overall growth is not necessarily a suitable proxy for overall standard of living, since growth patterns are not uniform for the entire income distribution. The results of this study indicate that increases in the top share of income (particularly the top one percent) are associated with declines in the actual incomes (and earnings) of middle income families, but have no clear impact on families at the bottom of the income distribution.

Participant Perceptions of Character Concepts in a Physical Activity–Based Positive Youth Development Program

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaina Riciputi ◽  
Meghan H. McDonough ◽  
Sarah Ullrich-French
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Youth Development ◽  
Positive Youth Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Character Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact

Physical activity–based positive youth development (PYD) programs often aim to foster character development. This study examined youth perspectives of character development curricula and the impact these activities have on their lives within and beyond the program. This case study examined youth from low-income families in a physical activity–based summer PYD program that integrated one character concept (respect, caring, responsibility, trust) in each of 4 weeks. Participants (N = 24) included a cross section of age, gender, ethnicity, and past program experience. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis and constant comparative methods. Thirteen themes were grouped in four categories: building highquality reciprocal relationships; intrapersonal improvement; moral reasoning and understanding; and rejection, resistance, and compliance. The findings provide participant-centered guidance for understanding youth personal and social development through physical activity in ways that are meaningful to participants, which is particularly needed for youth in low-income communities with limited youth programming.

scholarly journals Impacting Environmental and Public Health through the Use of Dual Targeted and Tailored Asthma Educational Interventions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genny Carrillo ◽  
Daikwon Han ◽  
Rose L. Lucio ◽  
Yoon-Ho Seol ◽  
Betty Chong-Menard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Asthmatic Children ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Asthma Triggers

Home-based asthma environmental education for parents of asthmatic children is needed since many health professionals lack the time to offer it. However, developing targeted and tailored education is important in order to address the individual needs of participants. This nonrandomized longitudinal study examined knowledge on asthma with an Asthma and Healthy Homes educational intervention training offered to parents of children from low income families who reside in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Eighty-nine parents received the training and pre- and posttest surveys were used to measure knowledge outcomes. A standardized assessment on asthma triggers was used to identify the different triggers each child was exposed to, and a follow-up survey was conducted 6 months after the educational intervention to identify how many parents reported household and behavior changes as a result of the training. Results showed significant changes in behavior by participants as a result of the training received. This study suggests that these behavioral changes are attributed to the dual “targeted” and “tailored” educational interventions delivered to parents which resulted in a greater understanding of how to manage asthma by eliminating asthma triggers in their respective homes.

Creating an Environment for Sustainable Leadership at Public HBCUs

2017 ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Sharron Y. Herron-Williams ◽  
Alecia D. Hoffman ◽  
Sidney L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Succession Planning ◽  
Revolving Door ◽  
Sustainable Leadership ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Attrition Rates ◽  
Educational Preparation ◽  
Fiscal Management ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Individual

There is a leadership conundrum at HBCUs. There has been a revolving door in the administrative ranks. According to Nichols (2004), “since the Civil War, presidents of HBCUs have struggled with students who are underprepared, inadequate management, dwindling financial resources including low endowments, competition for students and faculty members, an alumni base with not much wealth and students from low-income families who may be unable to pay ever increasing tuition.” At one point, in 2012, there were 19 HBCU presidencies vacant. This causes one to question the reasons for such high turnover/attrition rates. Some would argue it is because in most cases the individual chosen was not a good “fit” for the institution. There are also those who would say they would rather have someone who is familiar with the institution. That is code for alumni. For the purpose of this chapter, we contend there are five important factors which have contributed to the rising number of vacancies in the administrative ranks: 1) lack of succession planning; 2) lack of leadership training in areas such as fiscal management for universities, board relations, alumni relations and academic integrity/student success; 3) lack of professional educational preparation prior to the attainment of a presidency; 4) the power play (the recycling of HBCU presidents); 5) lack of adherence to institutional mission and goals.

scholarly journals Frontline Professionals Performing Collaborative Work with Low-Income Families: Challenges across Organizational Boundaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-85
Author(s):  
Torunn Alise Ask ◽  
Solveig Sagatun
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Interagency Collaboration ◽  
Organizational Boundaries ◽  
Departure Point ◽  
New Ways Of Working ◽  
Parental Obligations ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Individual

This article discusses certain challenges relating to interagency collaboration between the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV) and Child Welfare Services (CWS). We have asked what obstacles to holistic work with low-income families who receive measures from NAV and CWS simultaneously can be identified. The departure point is collaboration on a local project at the municipal level. The differences between the views of the individual services (and the mandates based on these views) with regard to parental obligations have proved challenging. Using the theory of institutional logic, we have explored how different logics have influenced these services’ approaches to parenthood and the significance of these influences for interagency collaboration. We have also investigated how caseworkers in the two services have managed to create reflective spaces for negotiating and bridging various understandings to create new ways of working together. In addition to collecting and analysing data, our task as researchers has been to facilitate joint working processes in the project. The article is based on interviews with caseworkers from both services, discussions during two workshops, and a subsequent dialogue seminar with employees from the two services.  

Factors Underlying Teacher Absenteeism in Selected Schools Located in Tshwane West District, South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Khalabai Mashaba ◽  
Simeon Maile
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Teacher Absenteeism ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Disadvantaged Community ◽  
Teacher Absence ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
The Individual

Teacher absenteeism is widely recognised as a serious problem, particularly in disadvantaged areas, yet there is little systematic research and data on teacher absence in developing nations. Generally, literature discusses the phenomenon of teacher absenteeism on the basis of high-income countries and low-income countries. The current research argues that the reasons for teacher absenteeism in developed nations are largely personal matters related to the individual and the rate of absence is relatively low. In this study we argue that while teachers’ absence is a matter that concerns the individual, there are institutional (school), structural (social environment) and economic factors that impact on the extent of teacher absenteeism in low-income countries. The purpose of the study is to investigate factors underlying teacher absence in disadvantaged communities. We investigated the phenomenon of teacher absenteeism in three (n–3) selected schools in the District of Tshwane West (D15) located in Soshanguve, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Soshanguve is a township with a predominantly disadvantaged community which depends on the public schooling system and probably has limited access to private education. The study used qualitative methods and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that the schools are ineffective in curbing and reducing teacher absenteeism due to insufficient policy measures. The problem of teacher absenteeism is rampant and manifests in many forms. The leave policy seems to be effective in curbing the wage bill for substitute teachers, but at the same time it appears to grossly contribute to the damaging effects of absenteeism on educational outcomes. We recommend that costs in implementing the policy need to be balanced against the effectiveness of the policy. Reducing teacher absenteeism implies reducing the monetary cost of teacher absence and improving the education outcomes of learners. This ensures that the relationship between inputs (education investment) and outputs (learner performance) is optimal. We conclude that improving teacher attendance will thus increase productivity in schools.

scholarly journals WIC Is Critical During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned From Los Angeles County Participants

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
Lauren Au ◽  
Lorrene Ritchie ◽  
Nicole Vital ◽  
Marisa Tsai ◽  
Christopher Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Safe Delivery ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way that the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) delivers services. The USDA granted multiple waivers to allow flexibility in WIC operations during the pandemic. The objective of this study was to hear from WIC participants about the impact of changes due to COVID-19. Methods In the summer of 2020, 60 semi-structured interviews were completed, half with English-speaking and half with Spanish-speaking WIC participants in the Los Angeles area. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a deductive content analysis approach to describe responses and identify themes. Results Four themes emerged: 1) The pandemic has exacerbated the ckhallenges facing low-income families; 2) WIC continues to be a valued resource especially under the challenging circumstances; 3) WIC's transition to remote service delivery has ensured that families continue to receive not only critical WIC food benefits, but also nutrition education and support; 4) Lessons learned during COVID-19 can inform needed WIC modernizations to maximize WIC's proven benefits post-pandemic. Nearly 75% of WIC participants faced reductions in income due to job loss or reduced work hours. Nearly 60% of households reported experiencing food insecurity. Early in the pandemic, many reported challenges accessing WIC-eligible foods, resulting in lost food benefits. Approximately 43% reported getting food from a food pantry or church, with most (77%) reporting first time usage. Participants shared that even with the change to only remote education, they valued the information and were very satisfied with WIC services. The majority (83%) found the California WIC App helpful in informing what WIC foods they could purchase. Participants also reported that enrolling in WIC remotely was easier than coming in-person and they were comfortable providing documents related to income and eligibility determination remotely. Conclusions WIC has been essential in helping families cope with COVID. WIC's transition to remote service delivery has ensured seamless and safe delivery of services, helping families with young children during an unprecedented time of need. Funding Sources The David and Lucile Packard Foundation

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