“Neighborhood” influence on police use of force: state-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Shjarback
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Ecological Influence ◽  
Neighborhood Influence ◽  
Point Of Departure

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review on the topic of neighborhood/ecological influence on police use of force. In doing so, it provides an overview of the theoretical formulation and early ethnographic work on the topic as well as an in-depth critique of the issues that require further discussion. Design/methodology/approach Using several databases, a literature search was performed to collect the available empirical studies on the topic. Findings An analysis of the extant literature suggests that neighborhood/ecological influence on police use of force might not be as uniform as previously discussed, and it suffers from the ability to make sufficient comparisons. Tests vary based on the use of force measures, units of analysis, and the neighborhood-level variables examined. Originality/value This review should serve as a point of departure for scholars working in this area moving forward. It is hoped that the review provides thought-provoking commentary on the limitations of previous studies and the challenges facing this line of inquiry in the future.

Measurement issues in police use of force: a state-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 844-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E. Hollis
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measurement Issues ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Ebsco Host ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically and comprehensively review the extant literature on measurement issues in police use of force. Design/methodology/approach The current study uses a narrative meta-review of measurement issues in police use of force through a systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts, EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, etc.). Findings The current meta-review identified 56 studies that matched the inclusion criteria. These studies examined public and police officer perceptions of use of force, rates of use of force, types of force used, neighborhood contextual correlates of use of force, and severity of force used. A wide variety of approaches were used to measure use of force, and operationalization of use of force was inconsistent across studies. This indicates a need for high-quality research focusing on comparable operationalization of variables, consistency in measurement, and use of more rigorous research techniques. The use of validated measures is essential moving forward. Practical implications The practical implications derived from this meta-review indicate a need for future researchers to carefully evaluate the measurement approaches used in use of force studies. The lack of consistency in measurement of use of force research is concerning, and a focused effort is required to validate measures. Originality/value The state-of-the-art review on measurement issues in police use of force is the first of its kind. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on measurement issues in police use of force. This study will be useful for those who wish to further explore measurement issues in police use of force issues in policing and those who wish to work toward validated use of force measures.

Racial disparities in police use-of-force: a state-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E. Hollis ◽  
Wesley G. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Ebsco Host ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically and comprehensively review the extant literature on racial disparities in police use of force. Design/methodology/approach The current study uses a narrative meta-review of racial disparities in police use of force through a systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts; EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, etc.). Findings The current meta-review identified 41 studies that matched the selection criteria. These studies examined public and police officer perceptions of use of force, rates of use of force, types of force used, neighborhood contextual correlates of use of force, and severity of force used. The relationship between race and use of force remains unclear after an examination of these studies. This indicates a need for high-quality research focusing on comparable operationalization of variables and stronger methodologies. Research limitations/implications The research implications derived from this meta-review indicate a need for increased research to better understand the intersections of race and police use of force (and the factors that increase the likelihood of force being used more broadly). Practical implications The practical implications derived from this meta-review indicate the need for monitoring techniques, such as the use of police body-worn cameras that could serve to deter inappropriate use of force. Originality/value The state-of-the-art review on racial disparities in police use of force is the first of its kind. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on racial disparities in police use of force. This study will be useful for those who wish to further explore racial disparities and use of force issues in policing, and for police managers and administrators who want to address concerns related to racial disparities in use of force in their organization.

Beyond the final report

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Terrill ◽  
Eugene A. Paoline III ◽  
Jason Robert Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
College Education ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Administrative Policy ◽  
National Institute Of Justice ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Additional Value

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a snapshot of key findings from research published from the Assessing Police Use of Force Policy and Outcomes study, a project funded by the National Institute of Justice. Design/methodology/approach Key findings from a national survey of police agencies on use of force policy and from an in-depth look at police use of force outcomes across eight cities published over the last ten years are synthesized to provide a cumulative perspective regarding the outcomes of the project. Findings The majority of police departments had a written force policy and reporting requirements, however, there was no commonly accepted force policy. Patrol officers were conservative in their views of what is reasonable force, administrative policy does matter in influencing force usage, and the use of a TASER impacted the likelihood of injury for both officers and citizens. Additional findings were also reviewed in the areas of complaints, police culture, first-line supervision, college education, and promotional aspirations. Originality/value While federal funding for policing related research projects are commonplace, taking a look back ten years later and summarizing key findings is uncommon. Doing so provides concise feedback to practitioners in one readily digestible manuscript. Furthermore, the paper also demonstrates the additional value to the original investment made by the National Institute of Justice.

Early intervention systems for police: a state-of-the-art review

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christi L. Gullion ◽  
William R. King
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Reference Service ◽  
Systems Effectiveness

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review of prior empirical studies that have examined early intervention (EI) systems or programs in policing.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature search of various government and academic databases (e.g. Emerald, Google Scholar, National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), Sage, Taylor & Francis and Wiley) was conducted.FindingsThis systematic review identified eight EI studies that matched the selection criteria. Of these, two are multiagency studies and six are individual agency studies. Findings across studies are generally positive but overall relatively inconsistent with regard to EI systems' effectiveness.Practical implicationsPolice agencies benefit in identifying and addressing at-risk officers to ensure police accountability and officer safety, health and wellness. This research is invaluable for optimizing how EI systems can use agency data for such predictions.Originality/valueThis state-of-the-art review on EI systems in policing is the first of its kind. EI systems have been implemented by many police agencies, yet a limited number of empirical studies have been conducted. This systematic review will be useful for researchers who wish to further explore how EI systems are utilized and whether EI systems are successful/effective.

scholarly journals Perceptions of police use of force: the importance of trust

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arabella Kyprianides ◽  
Julia A. Yesberg ◽  
Jenna Milani ◽  
Ben Bradford ◽  
Paul Quinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Police Action ◽  
Perceptions Of Police ◽  
Acceptability Judgments

PurposeThe range of tactical force options available to police is increasing, while public debate about police use of force is never far from the headlines. This paper aims to examine what factors shape how people accept police use of force.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use two online experiments to test whether different force options affected judgments about the acceptability of police action and to explore the role of trust and legitimacy in people's judgments.FindingsThe authors found across both studies that respondents judged scenarios involving a weapon (baton, CS spray, Taser) as less acceptable compared to scenarios that did not (talking down, handcuffs), but they did not draw much distinction between the specific weapon used. In study 1, exposure to different police tactics had no effect on trust and legitimacy. In study 2, prior perceptions of trust were strong predictors of acceptability judgments.Originality/valueThere is a comparative paucity of British-based empirical research examining public attitudes toward different use of force resolutions by police. In this paper, the authors explore how use of force affects people's views of police at a time in which the nature and scope of force applications, how these are understood and indeed the basic enterprise of policing itself is being reconsidered and renegotiated.

scholarly journals Missed opportunities: two case studies of digitalization of FM in hospitals

Facilities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Koch ◽  
Geir Karsten Hansen ◽  
Kim Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Facility Management ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Complex Building

Purpose Digital practices of facility management (FM) are undergoing transformation. Several Nordic countries have ambitious hospital-building projects, driven by large public clients with long-term experience of operating complex building campuses. There is thus an opportunity for creating state-of-the-art digital FM. This paper aims to investigate the role of digital FM in new hospital projects in Scandinavia. Design/methodology/approach Based on a literature review, a framework of understanding of digital FM in hospital operation is established. Two longitudinal cases are presented and analysed, one for a greenfield hospital and the other for an extension of an existing hospital. Findings The literature highlights the importance of integration between technical digitalization, competences, organization and management of digital FM. The projects are in different phases and represent quite advanced preparations for digital FM. State-of-the-art computer-aided FM systems are prepared before operation. External consultants are involved, posing a dilemma of in-house/outsourced human resources in the future digital FM operation. Research limitations/implications Two case studies provide insights, but they have limited generalizability. Practical implications The study underscores the importance of preparation of management, organization and competences for digitalization. Originality/value Documented research on building information modelling (BIM) integrations in FM is still scarce. This article adds to the few empirical studies in the area. The findings illustrate that real estate administrators investing in FM software for new hospital buildings face challenges of aligning BIM models from design and construction to the FM system.

Federal intervention of police under section 14141 – a state-of-the-art literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason W. Ostrowe
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gray Literature ◽  
Federal Intervention ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
National Police

PurposeThe purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to explore the empirical literature on federal intervention of police under 42 USC Section 14141.Design/methodology/approachA five-stage scoping review of the empirical literature related to 14141 was conducted through searches of scholarly databases and gray literature.FindingsThis scoping review revealed 21 empirical studies of 14141 published between 2002 and 2020 in criminal justice, criminology, legal and gray literature. Researchers employed various methodologies and designs to study 14141 reflecting the complexity of evaluating a multistage and multi-outcome federal intervention of police. The success of 14141 to reform police agencies is mixed. The empirical evidence suggests that application of this law is fraught with trade-offs and uncertainties including de-policing, increased crime and organizational difficulties in sustaining reform. Overall, more research would assist in understanding the efficacy of this federal mechanism of police accountability and reform.Originality/valueThis review is the first synthesis of the empirical literature on 14141. In consideration of the current national police crisis, findings help illuminate both what is known about federal intervention and areas for future research.

The effect of community-oriented policing on police use of force: does community matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Miranda McCarthy ◽  
Louise E. Porter ◽  
Michael Townsley ◽  
Geoffrey P. Alpert
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Community Consultation ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Community Oriented Policing ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether community-oriented policing (COP) influences rates of police use of force across communities, and whether the impact of COP varies according to the level of violent crime in communities. Design/methodology/approach A range of data sources including police use of force reports, online surveys of Officers-in-Charge and recorded crime data was used to examine the association between formal and informal community consultation and the frequency of police use of force, across 64 socially challenged communities in Australia. Findings Poisson multilevel modelling indicated no overall association between informal or formal community engagement and rates of police use of force. However, significant interaction terms for both informal and formal community consultation with violent crime rates indicated that higher levels of informal and formal community consultation were associated with lower rates of police use of force in communities with higher levels of violent crime. This relationship was not evident in low violent crime areas. Research limitations/implications Communities were purposively sampled to have a high propensity for police use of force, on the basis that they had high rates of violent crime, or high levels of socio-economic disadvantage, or both. This research should be replicated with a representative sample of communities. Practical implications The findings extend the potential benefits of COP to reducing the use of coercive policing tactics in high violent crime communities. Originality/value This study finds that COP can reduce the frequency of violent encounters between police and community members in high violent crime communities.

Exploring the police use of force continuum with a partial proportional odds model

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-Young Kim ◽  
Scott W. Phillips ◽  
Stephen A. Bishopp
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chemical Spray ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

PurposeThe present study examines a range of police force on the continuum (firearms, TASER/chemical spray and physical force) to see whether they are associated with individual (subject and officer), situational and/or neighborhood factors.Design/methodology/approachA partial proportional odds model is used to analyze police use of force data from 2003 to 2016 in Dallas. Independent variables are allowed for varying effects across the different cumulative dichotomizations of the dependent variable (firearms vs TASER/chemical spray and physical force and firearms and TASER/chemical spray vs physical force).FindingsMost officer demographic and situational factors are consistently significant across the cumulative dichotomizations of police force. In addition, suspect race/ethnicity (Hispanic) and violent crime rates play significant roles when officers make decisions to use firearms, as opposed to TASER/chemical spray and physical force. Overall, situational variables (subject gun possession and contact types) play greater roles than other variables in affecting police use of force.Originality/valueDespite the large body of police use of force research, little to no research has used the partial proportional odds model to examine the ordinal nature of police force from physical to intermediate to deadly force. The current findings can provide important implications for policy and research.

scholarly journals Identity, legitimacy and “making sense” of police use of force

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 614-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Bradford ◽  
Jenna Milani ◽  
Jonathan Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Public Acceptance ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which police legitimacy and social identity explain variation in public acceptance of police use of force. The authors assess whether there is an association between legitimacy and public acceptance of apparently illegal or unethical police action; and the extent to which identification with a particular social group predicts judgments of police behavior. Design/methodology/approach The study draws upon cross-sectional data from a 2015 survey of a representative sample of adults in England and Wales. Structural equation modeling is used to model conditional correlations between latent constructs. Findings There are two main findings. First, identifying more strongly with a social group that the police may be seen to represent was consistently associated with greater acceptance of police use of force, whether or not that force seemed to be justified. Second, beliefs about the legitimacy of the police were also associated with acceptance, but primarily only in relation to the use of force in situations where it appeared prima facie justifiable. Social implications Results suggest one possible set of reasons why police retain public support in the face of scandals concerning excessive use of force. Originality/value This is one of only very few studies that have used survey data to explore lay justifications for police use of force.

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