Racial disparities in police use-of-force: a state-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E. Hollis ◽  
Wesley G. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Ebsco Host ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically and comprehensively review the extant literature on racial disparities in police use of force. Design/methodology/approach The current study uses a narrative meta-review of racial disparities in police use of force through a systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts; EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, etc.). Findings The current meta-review identified 41 studies that matched the selection criteria. These studies examined public and police officer perceptions of use of force, rates of use of force, types of force used, neighborhood contextual correlates of use of force, and severity of force used. The relationship between race and use of force remains unclear after an examination of these studies. This indicates a need for high-quality research focusing on comparable operationalization of variables and stronger methodologies. Research limitations/implications The research implications derived from this meta-review indicate a need for increased research to better understand the intersections of race and police use of force (and the factors that increase the likelihood of force being used more broadly). Practical implications The practical implications derived from this meta-review indicate the need for monitoring techniques, such as the use of police body-worn cameras that could serve to deter inappropriate use of force. Originality/value The state-of-the-art review on racial disparities in police use of force is the first of its kind. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on racial disparities in police use of force. This study will be useful for those who wish to further explore racial disparities and use of force issues in policing, and for police managers and administrators who want to address concerns related to racial disparities in use of force in their organization.

Measurement issues in police use of force: a state-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 844-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E. Hollis
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measurement Issues ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Ebsco Host ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically and comprehensively review the extant literature on measurement issues in police use of force. Design/methodology/approach The current study uses a narrative meta-review of measurement issues in police use of force through a systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts, EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, etc.). Findings The current meta-review identified 56 studies that matched the inclusion criteria. These studies examined public and police officer perceptions of use of force, rates of use of force, types of force used, neighborhood contextual correlates of use of force, and severity of force used. A wide variety of approaches were used to measure use of force, and operationalization of use of force was inconsistent across studies. This indicates a need for high-quality research focusing on comparable operationalization of variables, consistency in measurement, and use of more rigorous research techniques. The use of validated measures is essential moving forward. Practical implications The practical implications derived from this meta-review indicate a need for future researchers to carefully evaluate the measurement approaches used in use of force studies. The lack of consistency in measurement of use of force research is concerning, and a focused effort is required to validate measures. Originality/value The state-of-the-art review on measurement issues in police use of force is the first of its kind. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on measurement issues in police use of force. This study will be useful for those who wish to further explore measurement issues in police use of force issues in policing and those who wish to work toward validated use of force measures.

Policing and procedural justice: a state-of-the-art review

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chirstopher Donner ◽  
Jon Maskaly ◽  
Lorie Fridell ◽  
Wesley G. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organizational Decision Making ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Police Personnel ◽  
Ebsco Host ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to systematically and comprehensively review the literature on procedural justice in policing, in the context of both police-citizen encounters and organizational decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The current study reflects a narrative meta-review of procedural justice within policing generated through a systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts, Criminology: A SAGE Full Text Collection, EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, etc.). Findings – The current meta-review identified 46 studies that matched the selection criteria. In this body of research, 28 studies analyzed procedural justices within the context of police-citizen encounters and 18 studies examined procedural justice within the context of police organization decision making. In general, the body of research yields two main findings. First, citizens’ perceptions of procedural justice during interactions with the police positively affect their views of police legitimacy, satisfaction with police services, satisfaction with interaction disposition, trust in the police, and confidence in the police. Second, the perception of police personnel of procedural justice in organizational decision making positively influences their views of decision outcomes, trust in the administration, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, desire to stay with the agency, and overall views of the agency. Practical implications – The practical implications derived from this meta-review are twofold. First, police personnel engaged in police-citizen encounters reap many benefits when they treat citizens with fairness and maintain an encounter process that is marked by objectivity and equity. Second, police supervisors and administrators reap benefits when their subordinates perceive that there is procedural justice within the organization. Originality/value – The state-of-the-art meta-review on procedural justice in policing is the first of its kind. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on two important bodies of policing research. This study will be useful for researchers who wish to further explore procedural justice issues in policing, and for police managers/administrators who wish to strengthen citizens’ perceptions of the police and their employees’ perceptions of the organization.

“Neighborhood” influence on police use of force: state-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Shjarback
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Ecological Influence ◽  
Neighborhood Influence ◽  
Point Of Departure

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review on the topic of neighborhood/ecological influence on police use of force. In doing so, it provides an overview of the theoretical formulation and early ethnographic work on the topic as well as an in-depth critique of the issues that require further discussion. Design/methodology/approach Using several databases, a literature search was performed to collect the available empirical studies on the topic. Findings An analysis of the extant literature suggests that neighborhood/ecological influence on police use of force might not be as uniform as previously discussed, and it suffers from the ability to make sufficient comparisons. Tests vary based on the use of force measures, units of analysis, and the neighborhood-level variables examined. Originality/value This review should serve as a point of departure for scholars working in this area moving forward. It is hoped that the review provides thought-provoking commentary on the limitations of previous studies and the challenges facing this line of inquiry in the future.

Examining police use of force and citizen complaints

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-509
Author(s):  
William Terrill ◽  
Jason Robert Ingram ◽  
Logan J. Somers ◽  
Eugene A. Paoline III
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Patrol Officers ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
National Institute Of Justice ◽  
Citizen Complaints ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between police use of force and citizen complaints alleging improper use of force. Design/methodology/approach The current study utilizes official use of force and citizen complaint data, as well as surveys of patrol officers, from the Assessing Police Use of Force Policy and Outcomes Project, a multimethod National Institute of Justice funded study. Findings Bivariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the number of use of force incidents that officers were involved in, as well as the types and levels of resistance they encountered from citizens, was related to use of force complaints from citizens. That is, those officers that were involved in more use of force situations were engaged in force encounters where the highest level of citizen resistance was “failure to comply,” and faced higher cumulative levels of citizen resistance, received more complaints alleging improper use of force. Research limitations/implications Studies of citizen complaints against police officers, especially those alleging improper use of force, should consider the number of force incidents officers are involved in, as well as other theoretically relevant force correlates. Practical implications Administrators, concerned with citizen allegations for improper use of force against their officers, should work to encourage their personnel to minimize the number of use of force applications, or at least less cumulative force, to resolve encounters with citizens. Originality/value While prior studies have examined police use of force and citizen complaints independently, the current study examines the empirical connection between use of force behavior and the generation of complaints from citizens.

Corporate social responsibility practices developed by Mexican family and non-family businesses

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Esparza Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
University Education ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Southern State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mexican Family ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the CSR practices developed by Mexican family and non-family MSMEs. The study also aims to compare the CSR practices carried out by family and non-family businesses in a country with an emergent economy. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study using a sample of 384 businesses was selected in the southern state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, distributed in 245 family and 139 non-family businesses and a questionnaire was applied directly to the managers/owners. Findings The results show that family MSMEs develop CSR practices to a higher extent than non-family ones, mainly on environment and societal dimensions. In addition, CSR practices in family-owned enterprises develop to a higher extent when the manager/owner has more years of experience in the business, has a higher university education and the size of the business is larger. Research limitations/implications The study was developed exclusively with a MSMEs sample with a scope only on the southern part of Quintana Roo, Mexico; the shortage of business databases and the stratification of businesses based exclusively on the number of employees. This work presents information that contributes to the state of the art, broadening the existing literature related to CSR in businesses of a country with an emergent economy and an environment where the tourism and commercial sectors predominate. Practical implications This paper provides information to government institutions for the establishment of public policies targeted for an increase of CSR activities by businesses in the area. Manager and/or owners can understand the importance of implementing CSR activities within the business as a competitive strategy. It is also important for universities, professors/researchers and for all interested parties. Originality/value This paper provides theoretical and empirical evidence about CSR practices carried out among family and non-family MSMEs in an emergent economy.

Entrepreneurship and fintech development: comparing reward and equity crowdfunding

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Troise ◽  
Diego Matricano ◽  
Elena Candelo ◽  
Mario Sorrentino
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
Research Propositions ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Starting from the state-of-the-art of Fintech development, this study aims to propose some research propositions comparing reward-crowdfunding (RCF) and equity-crowdfunding (ECF). In this sense, the present research provides a comprehensive analysis of fintech development and – to conceptualize the comparison between RCF and ECF – it focuses on campaigns’ characteristics, aims and post-campaigns scenarios. Design/methodology/approach All the research propositions related to the comparison between RCF and ECF are rooted in dedicated literature. The methodological approach adopted in the present paper can be referred to theorizing. Findings This study suggests that five key elements characterize the development of fintech: regulation, infrastructure, technologies, finance and innovations. The research provides nine propositions: four related to the campaigns’ characteristics; two related to the use of crowdfunding models by entrepreneurs; and three related to the performance of crowdfunded companies. Practical implications By offering nine research propositions, this study is expected to foster and support the investigation of fintech development from an entrepreneurial and managerial point of view. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first to explore the fintech development and to propose a comparative approach between RCF and ECF. This research contributes to the current debate on fintech development as well as on the comparison between crowdfunding models.

Measuring Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force: Methods Matter

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Geller ◽  
Phillip Atiba Goff ◽  
Tracey Lloyd ◽  
Amelia Haviland ◽  
Dean Obermark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force

Beyond the final report

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Terrill ◽  
Eugene A. Paoline III ◽  
Jason Robert Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
College Education ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Administrative Policy ◽  
National Institute Of Justice ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Additional Value

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a snapshot of key findings from research published from the Assessing Police Use of Force Policy and Outcomes study, a project funded by the National Institute of Justice. Design/methodology/approach Key findings from a national survey of police agencies on use of force policy and from an in-depth look at police use of force outcomes across eight cities published over the last ten years are synthesized to provide a cumulative perspective regarding the outcomes of the project. Findings The majority of police departments had a written force policy and reporting requirements, however, there was no commonly accepted force policy. Patrol officers were conservative in their views of what is reasonable force, administrative policy does matter in influencing force usage, and the use of a TASER impacted the likelihood of injury for both officers and citizens. Additional findings were also reviewed in the areas of complaints, police culture, first-line supervision, college education, and promotional aspirations. Originality/value While federal funding for policing related research projects are commonplace, taking a look back ten years later and summarizing key findings is uncommon. Doing so provides concise feedback to practitioners in one readily digestible manuscript. Furthermore, the paper also demonstrates the additional value to the original investment made by the National Institute of Justice.

Minority perceptions of the police: a state-of-the-art review

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H Peck
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Systematic Literature Search ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Current Events ◽  
The Media ◽  
Exclusion Restrictions ◽  
Ebsco Host

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review of empirical studies that have examined perceptions and attitudes of the police across various racial and ethnic groups. The specific focus aimed to highlight if minorities perceive the police differently compared to their white counterparts. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature search of various academic databases (Criminal Justice Abstracts, EBSCO Host, Web of Science, etc.) was conducted. Searches on Google Scholar were also conducted to locate empirical articles that are presently forthcoming in academic journals. Findings – The meta-review identified 92 studies that matched the selection criteria. The majority of the studies focussed on black/white, non-white/white, and black/Hispanic/white comparisons. Overall, individuals who identified themselves as black, non-white, or minority were more likely to hold negative perceptions and attitudes toward the police compared to whites. This finding held regardless of the measures used to operationalize attitudes and various dependent variables surrounding the police. Hispanics tended to have more positive views of the police compared to blacks, yet more negative views than whites. Originality/value – The present study provided a systematic literature search of studies that were included in two prior reviews (i.e. Decker, 1985; Brown and Benedict, 2002), but also updated the literature based on research that was conducted after 2002. Different exclusion restrictions were also used in the current study compared to earlier research. These restrictions add to the originality/value of the present meta-review in light of current events in the media which have focussed on minority perceptions of the police.

Measuring disparities in police activities: a state of the art review

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Smith ◽  
Jeff J. Rojek ◽  
Matthew Petrocelli ◽  
Brian Withrow
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Police Decision Making ◽  
Police Enforcement ◽  
American Society ◽  
Promising Line ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a contemporary review of the research on racial disparities in police decision making. Design/methodology/approach State of the art literature review. Findings The findings are mixed on racial disparities in the primary policing domains of stops, arrests, use of force, and neighborhood deployment. While minorities are often overrepresented among those subjected to police enforcement actions, these findings vary considerably. Almost all of the current studies that have reported racial disparities in the exercise of police authority lack the methodological rigor or statistical precision to draw cause and effect inferences. Research limitations/implications Efforts underway to document the impact of body-worn cameras on citizen complaints and force used by police could be extended to examine the impact of cameras on racial disparities in other enforcement-related outcomes such as arrests, stops and frisks, or searches. In addition, evaluating the effects of police training, such as anti-bias training or training on police legitimacy, on reducing racial disparities in police enforcement outcomes is another promising line of research inquiry. Originality/value This paper provides a concise review of the current state of the literature on a topic that is dominating the national conversation currently underway about the role of the police in American society.

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