Preparation of cation exchange filament for 3D membrane print

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1435-1445
Author(s):  
Lucie Zarybnicka ◽  
Eliska Stranska
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cation Exchanger ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to focus on the preparation of a cation exchange filament for three-dimensional (3D) fused deposition modeling (FDM). The polymeric binder was mixed with the selected conventional cation exchange resin and a filament was prepared using a mini extruder. Filaments were tested by mechanical properties, chemical properties, quality and melt flow index. Samples were prepared from granulate using a press, which were tested for electrochemical properties, thermal properties. The best result of ion exchange capacity (IEC) up to 3.0 meq/g of the dry matter was achieved with filament fill 65%. Permselectivity results above 90% were determined for 55%–65% filling of the cation exchanger. The results obtained are a promising step for the preparation of 3D printed cation exchange membranes (CEMs) with a defined structure. Design/methodology/approach The prepared granulates and filaments were evaluated using mechanical, rheological and thermal properties. Findings The prepared cation exchange filament can be used for the 3D printing process. The best result of IEC up to 3.0 meq/g of the dry matter was achieved with filament fill 65%. Permselectivity results above 90% were determined for 55%–65% filling of the cation exchanger, and area resistances 3.0 Ocm2 and specific resistances around 57 Ocm for 65% filling of the cation exchanger. The results obtained are a promising step for the preparation of 3D printed CEMs with a defined structure. Originality/value The prepared cation exchange filament. Using new materials for 3D print of cation exchange membrane. Production without waste. The possibility of producing 3D membranes with a precisely defined structure. Processing prepared filaments using a cheap FDM 3D printing method. New direction of membrane formation.

The effect of 3D printing parameters on electrochemical properties of heterogeneous cation exchange membrane

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Zárybnická ◽  
Eliška Stránská ◽  
Kristýna Janegová ◽  
Barbora Vydrová
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
Cation Exchange Membrane ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Print ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Heterogeneous Cation Exchange Membrane ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Purpose The study aims to focus on the preparation of a heterogeneous cation exchange membrane by a three-dimensional (3D) method – fused filament fabrication using a series of nozzles of various diameters (0.4–1.0 mm). Polypropylene random copolymer (PPR) as a polymeric binder was mixed with 50 Wt.% of the selected conventional cation exchange resin, and a filament was prepared using a single screw mini extruder. Then filament was processed by FFF into the membranes with a defined 3D structure. Design/methodology/approach Electrochemical properties, morphology, mechanical properties and water absorption properties were tested. Findings Dependence of the tested properties on the used nozzle diameter was found. Both areal and specific resistances increased with increasing nozzle diameter. The same trend was also found for permselectivity. The optimal membrane with permselectivity above 90%, areal resistance of 8 O.cm2 and specific resistance of 124 O.cm2 was created using a nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm. Originality/value Using new materials for 3D print of cation exchange membrane with production without waste. The possibility of producing 3D membranes with a precisely defined structure and using a cheap 3D printing method. New direction of membrane structure formation. 3D-printed heterogeneous cation exchange membranes were prepared, which can compete with commercial membranes produced by conventional technologies. 3D-printed heterogeneous cation exchange membranes were prepared, which can compete with commercial membranes produced by conventional technologies.

Use of polymer concrete for large-scale 3D printing

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-474
Author(s):  
Martin Krčma ◽  
David Škaroupka ◽  
Petr Vosynek ◽  
Tomáš Zikmund ◽  
Jozef Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Polymer Concrete ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Cast State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to focus on the evaluation of a polymer concrete as a three-dimensional (3D) printing material. An associated company has developed plastic concrete made from reused unrecyclable plastic waste. Its intended use is as a construction material. Design/methodology/approach The concrete mix, called PolyBet, composed of polypropylene and glass sand, is printed by the fused deposition modelling process. The process of material and parameter selection is described. The mechanical properties of the filled material were compared to its cast state. Samples were made from castings and two different orientations of 3D-printed parts. Three-point flex tests were carried out, and the area of the break was examined. Computed tomography of the samples was carried out. Findings The influence of the 3D printing process on the material was evaluated. The mechanical performance of the longitudinal samples was close to the cast state. There was a difference in the failure mode between the states, with cast parts exhibiting a tougher behaviour, with fractures propagating in a stair-like manner. The 3D-printed samples exhibited high degrees of porosity. Originality/value The results suggest that the novel material is a good fit for 3D printing, with little to no degradation caused by the process. Layer adhesion was shown to be excellent, with negligible effect on the finished part for the longitudinal orientation. That means, if large-scale testing of buildability is successful, the material is a good fit for additive manufacturing of building components and other large-scale structures.

Options for additive rapid prototyping methods (3D printing) in MEMS technology

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor A. Lifton ◽  
Gregory Lifton ◽  
Steve Simon
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Mems Devices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Mems Technology

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the options for additive rapid prototyping methods in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Additive rapid prototyping technologies, such as stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS), all commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing methods, are reviewed and compared with the resolution requirements of the traditional MEMS fabrication methods. Design/methodology/approach – In the 3D print approach, the entire assembly, parts and prototypes are built using various plastic and metal materials directly from the software file input, completely bypassing any additional processing steps. The review highlights their potential place in the overall process flow to reduce the complexity of traditional microfabrication and long processing cycles needed to test multiple prototypes before the final design is set. Findings – Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising manufacturing technique in micro-device technology. Practical implications – In the current state of 3D printing, microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices for fluid handling and manipulation appear to be the most compatible with the 3D print methods, given their fairly coarse minimum feature size of 50-500 μm. Future directions in the 3D materials and method development are identified, such as adhesion and material compatibility studies of the 3D print materials, wafer-level printing and conductive materials development. One of the most important goals should be the drive toward finer resolution and layer thickness (1-10 μm) to stimulate the use of the 3D printing in a wider array of MEMS devices. Originality/value – The review combines two discrete disciplines, microfabrication and AM, and shows how microfabrication and micro-device commercialization may benefit from employing methods developed by the AM community.

An overview on joining/welding as post-processing technique to circumvent the build volume limitation of an FDM-3D printer

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar Tiwary ◽  
Arunkumar P. ◽  
Vinayak R. Malik
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose Three-dimensional (3D) printing, one of the important technological pillars of Industry 4.0, is changing the landscape of future manufacturing. However, the limited build volume of a commercially available 3D printer is one inherent constraint, which holds its acceptability by the manufacturing business leaders. This paper aims to address the issue by presenting a novel classification of the possible ways by which 3D-printed parts can be joined or welded to achieve a bigger-sized component. Design/methodology/approach A two-step literature review is performed. The first section deals with the past and present research studies related to adhesive bonding, mechanical interlocking, fastening and big area additive manufacturing of 3D printed thermoplastics. In the second section, the literature searches were focused on retrieving details related to the welding of 3D printed parts, specifically related to friction stir welding, friction (spin) welding, microwave and ultrasonic welding. Findings The key findings of this review study comprise the present up-to-date research developments, pros, cons, critical challenges and the future research directions related to each of the joining/welding techniques. After reading this study, a better understanding of how and which joining/welding technique to be applied to obtain a bigger volume 3D printed component will be acquired. Practical implications The study provides a realistic approach for the joining of 3D printed parts made by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Originality/value This is the first literature review related to joining or welding of FDM-3D printed parts helping the 3D printing fraternity and researchers, thus increasing the acceptability of low-cost FDM printers by the manufacturing business leaders.

Effects of micro particle reinforcement on mechanical properties of 3D printed parts

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebubekir Çantı ◽  
Mustafa Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Melt Flow ◽  
Particle Reinforcement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to characterize the effects of different micro particle reinforcement with same weight ratio in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) feed-stocks for 3D printing process. Design/methodology/approach In this study, composite filaments were produced by using a co-rotational twin screw extruder and used as building material to print samples in a commercial fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. The reinforcement particles, ZrB2 and Al, have different properties, including density, surface area, purity and particle morphology, and were expected to improve mechanical properties of 3D printed samples. Differential calorimetry scanning and melt flow index studies were applied on the materials to observe the change in glass transition temperatures and melt flow behaviors, respectively. Also, to evaluate the mechanical properties, tensile and three-point bending test were carried out. Fractured surfaces were characterized via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for validation of the reinforcements in the ABS matrix. Moreover, scanning electron microscope micrograph examination was conducted on the fractured surfaces to characterize fracture modes. Findings For 3D printed samples, a strain increase of at least 82.5 per cent was achieved by using micro particle reinforcement with a weight ratio of 1.5 per cent. Research limitations/implications Higher filler ratios of the reinforcement particles cause loss on the printability of the feed-stocks. Practical implications Reinforced ABS stands out as a possible solution to overcome robustness problems in FDM printing. Originality/value Even though the effects of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts have been vastly studied in the literature, studies conducted on improvement of the building materials are limited. This paper proposes to create novel feed-stock materials for achieving printed parts with superior properties using polymer composites.

FDM 3D printing method utility assessment in small RC aircraft design

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Skawiński ◽  
Tomasz Goetzendorf-Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility of manufacturing fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printed structures such as wings or fuselages for small remote control (RC) air craft and mini unmaned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Design/methodology/approach Material tests, design assumptions and calculations were verified by designing and manufacturing a small radio-controlled motor-glider using as many printed parts as possible and performing test flights. Findings It is possible to create an aircraft with good flight characteristics using FDM 3D printed parts. Current level of technology allows for reasonably fast manufacturing of 3D printed aircraft with good reliability and high success ratio of prints; however, only some of the materials are suitable for printing thin wall structures such as wings. Practical implications The paper proves that apart from currently popular small RC aircraft structural materials such as composites, wood and foam, there is also printed plastic. Moreover, 3D printing is highly competitive in some aspects such as first unit production time or production cost. Originality/value The presented manufacturing technique can be useful for quick and cost-effective creating scale prototypes of the aircraft for performing test flights.

Research on color 3D printing based on color adherence

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhua Yang ◽  
Xin-guang Lv ◽  
Xiao-jie Liu ◽  
Jia-qing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Color Line ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Print ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Color Printing

Purpose This paper aims to present a method of color three-dimensional (3D) printing based on color adherence. Design/methodology/approach First, experiments of the color effects of 3D printings using different carriers and different printing methods were performed. Second, the color of a specific point could be calculated through a theory of dimension-reducing, and the color distribution of 3D model was transformed from 3D to 1D color line corresponding with 3D print sequence. At last, the color lines, which were printed on a PE film by silk-screen printing, was carried by a filament and then printed through a fused deposition modeling 3D printer. Findings The printing ink and PE film are suitable as the pigment and carrier under this investigation, respectively. Based on an idea of reducing dimension, the method of 3D color printing through adhering color to a filament is realized. The color saturation of the sample was relatively high through the method. Research limitations/implications It is hard to avoid that there may be some residual color in the nozzle through this method, and the purity of following color will be affected. As a result, continuous improvements should be made to perfect the method. Practical implications An approach of 3D color printing is described in detail, and what kind of model is more applicable is discussed particularly. Originality/value This approach is implemented to print color 3D objects with just one nozzle by means of color adherence. That is, printing the 3D objects using the filament is carried out with 1D color line, which is printed by a traditional printing method.

Rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Lifan Meng ◽  
Hongyu Wang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Chunmei Liu
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Eddy Current ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Current Sensor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Eddy Current Sensor ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Current Sensors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing technology. Making full use of the advantages of 3D printing, the authors study on a new method for fabrication of an eddy current sensor. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors establish a 3D model using SolidWorks. And the eddy current sensor is printed by the fused deposition modeling method. Findings Measurement results show that the 3D printing eddy current sensor has a wider linear measurement range and better linearity than the traditional manufacturing sensor. Compared to traditional eddy current sensor fabrication method, this 3D printed sensor can be fabricated at a lower cost, and the fabrication process is more convenient and faster. Practical implications This demonstrated 3D printing process can be applied to the 3D printing of sensors of more sophisticated structures that are difficult to fabricate using conventional techniques. Originality/value In this work, the process of rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing is presented. Sensors fabricated with the 3D printing possess lots of merits than traditional manufactures. 3D printed sensors can be customized according to the configuration of the overall system, thus reducing the demand of sensor's rigid mounting interfaces. The 3D printing also reduce design costs as well as shortens the development cycle. This allows for quick translation of a design from concept to a useful device.

Analysis of the influence of polylactic acid (PLA) colour on FDM 3D printing temperature and part finishing

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1305-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Breda Soares ◽  
João Finamor ◽  
Fabio Pinto Silva ◽  
Liane Roldo ◽  
Luis Henrique Cândido
Keyword(s):  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the effect of different polylactic acid (PLA) colours used on fused deposition modelling (FDM), considering the product finishing quality produced with the same process conditions. Design/methodology/approach The methodology adopted was to design a virtual modelling object and three-dimensional (3D) print it with FDM with different PLA colours (natural, green and black), using the same parameters. 3D scanning and scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse the model finishing of each sample. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to characterize the material and verify if the colour affected its thermal behaviour. Findings Findings showed that different PLA colours lead to distinct 3D printed finishings under the same process conditions. Thermal analysis showed a reason for the printing finishing difference. The degradation temperatures and the glass temperatures vary depending on the PLA colour. This affects the FDM working temperature. Originality/value This study will contribute to improving the finishing quality of 3D printed products by collaborating to the determination of its process conditions.

scholarly journals Development of Flexible and Conductive Immiscible Thermoplastic/Elastomer Monofilament for Smart Textiles Applications Using 3D Printing

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prisca Aude Eutionnat-Diffo ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Jinping Guan ◽  
Vincent Nierstrasz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Functional Textiles ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Conductive Fillers

3D printing utilized as a direct deposition of conductive polymeric materials onto textiles reveals to be an attractive technique in the development of functional textiles. However, the conductive fillers—filled thermoplastic polymers commonly used in the development of functional textiles through 3D printing technology and most specifically through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process—are not appropriate for textile applications as they are excessively brittle and fragile at room temperature. Indeed, a large amount of fillers is incorporated into the polymers to attain the percolation threshold increasing their viscosity and stiffness. For this reason, this study focuses on enhancing the flexibility, stress and strain at rupture and electrical conductivity of 3D-printed conductive polymer onto textiles by developing various immiscible polymer blends. A phase is composed of a conductive polymer composite (CPC) made of a carbon nanotubes (CNT) and highly structured carbon black (KB)- filled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and another one of propylene-based elastomer (PBE) blends. Two requirements are essential to create flexible and highly conductive monofilaments for 3D-printed polymers onto textile materials applications. First, the co-continuity of both the thermoplastic and the elastomer phases and the location of the conductive fillers in the thermoplastic phase or at the interface of the two immiscible polymers are necessary to preserve the flexibility of the elastomer while decreasing the global amount of charges in the blends. In the present work based on theoretical models, when using a two-step melt process, the KB and CNT particles are found to be both preferentially located at the LDPE/PBE interface. Moreover, in the case of the two-step extrusion, SEM characterization showed that the KB particles were located in the LDPE while the CNT were mainly at the LDPE/PBE interface and TEM analysis demonstrated that KB and CNT nanoparticles were in LDPE and at the interface. For one-step extrusion, it was found that both KB and CNT are in the PBE and LDPE phases. These selective locations play a key role in extending the co-continuity of the LDPE and PBE phases over a much larger composition range. Therefore, the melt flow index and the electrical conductivity of monofilament, the deformation under compression, the strain and stress and the electrical conductivity of the 3D-printed conducting polymer composite onto textiles were significantly improved with KB and CNT-filled LDPE/PBE blends compared to KB and CNT-filled LDPE separately. The two-step extrusion processed 60%(LDPE16.7% KB + 4.2% CNT)/40 PBE blends presented the best properties and almost similar to the ones of the textile materials and henceforth, could be a better material for functional textile development through 3D printing onto textiles.

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