Monitoring the body water exchange using dielectric permeability method

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Akif Ozcoban ◽  
Fatma Latifoglu ◽  
Ahmet Ulgen ◽  
Musa. H. Asyali
Keyword(s):  
Water Exchange ◽  
Dielectric Permeability ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Permeability Method

Pressure cycles and the water economy of insects

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1190) ◽  
pp. 377-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Water Economy ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Pressure Cycle ◽  
Respiratory Gases

Water exchange between insects and their environment via the vapour phase includes influx and efflux components. The pressure cycle theory postulates that insects (and some other arthropods) can regulate the relative rates of influx and efflux of water vapour by modulating hydrostatic pressures at a vapour-liquid interface by compressing or expanding a sealed, gas-filled cavity. Some such cavities, like the tracheal system, could be compressed by elevated pressure in all or part of the haemocoele. Others, perhaps including the muscular rectum of flea prepupae, could be compressed by intrinsic muscles. Maddrell Insect Physiol . 8, 199 (1971)) suggested a pressure cycle mechanism of this kind to account for rectal uptake of water vapour in Thermobia but did not find it compatible with quantitative information then available. Newer evidence conforms better with the proposed mechanism. Cyclical pressure changes are of widespread occurrence in insects and have sometimes been shown to depend on water status. Evidence is reviewed for the role of the tracheal system as an avenue for net exchange of water between the insect and its environment. Because water and respiratory gases share common pathways, most published findings fail to distinguish between the conventional view that the tracheal system has evolved as a site for distribution and exchange of respiratory gases and that any water exchange occurring in it is generally incidental and nonadaptive, and the theory proposed here. The pressure cycle theory offers a supplementary explanation not incompatible with evidence so far available. The relative importance of water economy and respiratory exchange in the functioning of compressible cavities such as the tracheal system remains to be explored. Some further implications of the pressure cycle theory are discussed. Consideration is given to the possible involvement of vapour-phase transport in the internal redistribution of water within the body. It is suggested that some insect wings may constitute internal vapour-liquid exchange sites, where water can move from the body fluids to the intratracheal gas. Ambient and body temperature must influence rates of vapour-liquid mass transfer. If elevated body temperature promotes evaporative discharge of the metabolic water burden that has been shown to accumulate during flight in some large insects, their minimum threshold thoracic temperature for sustained flight may relate to the maintenance of water balance. The role of water economy in the early evolution of insect wings is considered. Pressure cycles might help to maintain water balance in surface-breathing insects living in fresh and saline waters, but the turbulence of the surface of the open sea might prevent truly marine forms from using this mechanism.

scholarly journals The Use of Infrared Spectrophotometry for Measuring Body Water Spaces

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Jennings ◽  
Leslie Bluck ◽  
Antony Wright ◽  
Marinos Elia
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract Background: The conventional method of measuring total body water by the deuterium isotope dilution method uses gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is both expensive and time-consuming. We investigated an alternative method, using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), which uses less expensive instrumentation and requires little sample preparation. Method: Total body water measurements in human subjects were made by obtaining plasma, saliva, and urine samples before and after oral dosing with 1.5 mol of deuterium oxide. The enrichments of the body fluids were determined from the FTIR spectra in the range 1800–2800 cm−1, using a novel algorithm for estimation of instrumental response, and by IRMS for comparison. Results: The CV (n = 5) for repeat determinations of deuterium oxide in biological fluids and calibrator solutions (400–1000 μmol/mol) was found to be in the range 0.1–0.9%. The use of the novel algorithm instead of the integration routines supplied with the instrument gave at least a threefold increase in precision, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with FTIR and those obtained with IRMS. Conclusion: This improved infrared method for measuring deuterium enrichment in plasma and saliva requires no sample preparation, is rapid, and has potential value to the clinician.

scholarly journals The body water compartments in women with preeclampsia in the peripartum period

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
O.M. Klygunenko ◽  
O.О. Marzan
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Severe Preeclampsia ◽  
Water Compartments ◽  
Total Fluid

Background. Preeclampsia in pregnant women is a threatening condition that causes significant water imbalance, particularly hyperhydration of the extracellular fluid compartment. The condition is the result of the main pathogenetic processes — endothelial dysfunction and the subsequent development of hypoproteinemia. The changes can be detected by measuring body water compartments. Objective: to investigate the effect of a standard intensive care on the body water compartment indicators in women with moderate to severe preeclampsia. Materials and methods. Ninety patients divided into three groups were examined: non-pregnant healthy women, pregnant women with healthy pregnancy, and women whose pregnancy was complicated by moderate to severe preeclampsia. Body water compartments were measured by non-invasive bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results. Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia is accompanied by an increase in total fluid volume at 34–40 weeks due to an increase in both the extracellular and intracellular water compartments, but with a predominance of the extracellular compartment. By the 7th day of the postpartum period, there is a tendency to decrease the total fluid volume, however, interstitial and intracellular edema can be still observed. Conclusions. The results of the bioelectrical impe-dance analysis of the body water compartments show that additional methods of treatment are needed to correct the body water compartments in women with preeclampsia.

To the question of the therapeutic value of overfeeding nephrotic proteins

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
A. I. Golikov ◽  
M. M. Grigorieva
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
A Value ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Blood Plasma Proteins

The study of the problem of water exchange and issues of the pathogenesis of edema (Starling, Krog, Beilis, Schade, Gover, Shabanier, Kilin, etc.) made it possible to establish the colossal significance in the pathogenesis of nephrosis of a number of factors associated with the state of the body's proteins. To one degree or another, depletion of blood plasma proteins, sharp changes in the ratio of protein fractions with a shift towards the coarse-dispersed phase (globulins), an increase in the hydrophilicity of tissue colloids (McClure and Aldrich test) characterize pathological shifts in the protein economy of the body. The osmotic pressure of nephrotic plasma proteins drops sharply due to an increase in osmotically much less active globulins and fibrinogen (Schade, Shabanier, Gover, Kilin, Malkin, etc.). This decrease can in some cases reach a value of 10-14 cm of water column in comparison with the normal value of 30-40 cm (Gover, Golikov). According to modern views, these violations of the protein constant due to changes in the salt balance, in the state of permeability of the capillary wall and the state of tissue colloids are a common cause of the hydropic state of the body. Along with the violation of protein metabolism, changes in the state of lipoid-cholesterol metabolism occur in the body with nephrosis. The absence of contraindications for giving nephrotic protein is well known.

Reappraisal of Factors Disturbing the Relationship between Body Water Volumes and Total Body Electrical Resistance in Patients on Hemodialysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Schotman JM ◽  
◽  
Reichert LJM ◽  
de Boer H ◽  
van Borren MMGJ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Electrode Position ◽  
Fluid Redistribution ◽  
Interpretation Errors ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Total Body

Background: Measurements of Total Body Electrical Resistance (TBER) are used to improve fluid balance management in patients on Hemodialysis (HD). This approach is based on the inverse relation that exists between TBER and body water volumes. Interpretation errors may occur if TBER measurements are affected by factors that are not related to changes in body water. Aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the methodological artifacts commonly encountered in a clinical setting, and to strengthen current evidence of their disturbing effects by performing additional experiments. Methods: This study includes an analysis of available literature data, supplemented with additional experiments in healthy adults and patients. A cutoff of 2.7% was used to classify changes in TBER as significant within individual subjects. Results: Electrode position, electrode interference, differences of measurements performed at the right or left side of the body, presence of orthopedic prosthesis located in the limbs, fluid redistribution induced by longterm changes in body position, and electrolyte abnormalities were the main disturbing factors that can induce a significant change in TBER. Other factors either had no significant disturbing effect or could be easily avoided. Conclusion: TBER measurements require a high degree of standardization to minimize interpretation errors.

CO2 Output of Mice Measured by D2O18 Under Conditions of Isotope Re-entry Into the Body

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth McClintock ◽  
Nathan Lifson
Keyword(s):  
Material Balance ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Isotopic Turnover ◽  
Fractional Turnover

The fractional turnover rates of the hydrogen and oxygen of the body water of mice were measured in three ways: a) by material intake, b) by material output and c) isotopically. Discrepancies occurred between the intake and output turnover rates which could be explained at least in large part by body weight changes. The isotopic turnover rates were lower than those calculated from material output. This finding is discussed in relationship to the diarrhea which the animals developed on the milk diet employed and to the circumstance that opportunity was present for isotope re-entry from excreta. The difference between the turnover rates of the oxygen and hydrogen of the body water was practically the same whether obtained isotopically or calculated from the material balance data. This probably explains the observation that the D2O18 method for calculating the total CO2 output of the mice from the difference between the isotope turnover rates gave valid results in animals in which the absolute values for the isotopic turnover rates were presumably in error.

Effect of D2O in vivo and in vitro on uptake of p-aminohippurate by rat kidney slices

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (5) ◽  
pp. 1128-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Thomson ◽  
Florence J. Klipfel
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kidney Slices

Kidney slices from rats in which one-third of the body water was replaced by D2O showed no impairment of the capacity to accumulate PAH, despite the moribund condition of the animals. In vitro, 100% D2O inhibited PAH uptake by 65%, oxygen consumption by only 15%, during a 1-hour incubation of kidney slices; very little PAH was taken up after the first 30 minutes.

scholarly journals The impact of total body water on breath alcohol calculations

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 535-541
Author(s):  
Gregor S. Reiter ◽  
Markus Boeckle ◽  
Christian Reiter ◽  
Monika H. Seltenhammer
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Individual Parameter ◽  
Breath Alcohol ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Impact

Summary Due to a legislative amendment in Austria to determine breath alcohol (BrAC) instead of blood alcohol (BAC) in connection with traffic offences, many results of blood alcohol calculations were simply converted using distinct conversion factors. In Austria, the transformation of BAC to BrAC was carried out by using a factor of 1:2000, which, however, is commonly known to be too low. Noticing the great demand for a calculation method that is not exclusively based on blood alcohol, a formula for calculating breath alcohol based on blood alcohol was published in 1989, but in which the body surface area (BSA) was considered the most important influencing variable. In order to refine this new method, a liquor intake experiment was conducted combined with measurements of total body water (TBW) as an additional variable, using hand to foot bioelectrical impedance assessment (BIA). The test group comprised 37 men and 40 women to evaluate the accuracy of TBW and BSA as an individual parameter for alcohol concentration. The correlation coefficient of BrAC with TBW was constantly higher than with BSA (maximum = 0.921 at 1 h and 45 min after cessation of alcohol intake). These results are valid for both men and women as well as in a gender independent calculation. Hence, for an accurate back calculation of BrAC adjusted values of eliminations rates had to be found. This study describes mean elimination rates of BrAC for both men (0.065 ± 0.011 mg/L h−1) and women (0.074 ± 0.017 mg/L h−1). As previously shown women displayed a significantly higher elimination rate than men (p = 0.006).

D2 18O (deuterium oxide) method for CO2 output in small mammals and economic feasibility in man

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lifson ◽  
W. S. Little ◽  
D. G. Levitt ◽  
R. M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Intake Water

A test of the validity of the isotopic steady state relationships of the doubly labeled water (H2O) method has been carried out with D2 18O in small mammals (three chipmunks and one mouse). CO2 outputs calculated just from 1) the rate of water intake and 2) the ratios of the isotopic concentrations in the body water to the intake water agreed satisfactorily with observed values. Moreover, reconstructed energy and material balances agreed reasonably with similar balances reconstructed for an immediately succeeding period on the same animals studied by the previously validated decay procedure. We conclude from an error analysis that by expressing the isotopic specific activities as abundances in excess of the body water of a subject on a given regimen, the decay procedure is economically feasible in the human with available accuracy of isotopic analyses and the present cost of H2 18O. The method therefore appears to be a useful tool ready for application to the field of human energy metabolism.

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