Review of IEEE 802.22 and IEC 61850 for real-time communication in Smart Grid

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasudev Dehalwar ◽  
Akhtar Kalam ◽  
Mohan Lal Kolhe ◽  
Aladin Zayegh
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Iec 61850 ◽  
Ieee 802.22

scholarly journals A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures in the Communications of the Smart Grid

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 1881
Author(s):  
Jesús Lázaro ◽  
Armando Astarloa ◽  
Mikel Rodríguez ◽  
Unai Bidarte ◽  
Jaime Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Communication Infrastructure ◽  
Iec 61850 ◽  
Best Effort ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Informational Technology ◽  
Iec 62351 ◽  
Time Critical

Since the 1990s, the digitalization process has transformed the communication infrastructure within the electrical grid: proprietary infrastructures and protocols have been replaced by the IEC 61850 approach, which realizes interoperability among vendors. Furthermore, the latest networking solutions merge operational technologies (OTs) and informational technology (IT) traffics in the same media, such as time-sensitive networking (TSN)—standard, interoperable, deterministic, and Ethernet-based. It merges OT and IT worlds by defining three basic traffic types: scheduled, best-effort, and reserved traffic. However, TSN demands security against potential new cyberattacks, primarily, to protect real-time critical messages. Consequently, security in the smart grid has turned into a hot topic under regulation, standardization, and business. This survey collects vulnerabilities of the communication in the smart grid and reveals security mechanisms introduced by international electrotechnical commission (IEC) 62351-6 and how to apply them to time-sensitive networking.

scholarly journals Vulnerability and Impact Analysis of the IEC 61850 GOOSE Protocol in the Smart Grid

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1554
Author(s):  
Haftu Tasew Reda ◽  
Biplob Ray ◽  
Pejman Peidaee ◽  
Adnan Anwar ◽  
Abdun Mahmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Security Vulnerabilities ◽  
Iec 61850 ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Time Simulation ◽  
Electrical Substation ◽  
Smart Grid Communication

IEC 61850 is one of the most prominent communication standards adopted by the smart grid community due to its high scalability, multi-vendor interoperability, and support for several input/output devices. Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE), which is a widely used communication protocol defined in IEC 61850, provides reliable and fast transmission of events for the electrical substation system. This paper investigates the security vulnerabilities of this protocol and analyzes the potential impact on the smart grid by rigorously analyzing the security of the GOOSE protocol using an automated process and identifying vulnerabilities in the context of smart grid communication. The vulnerabilities are tested using a real-time simulation and industry standard hardware-in-the-loop emulation. An in-depth experimental analysis is performed to demonstrate and verify the security weakness of the GOOSE publish-subscribe protocol towards the substation protection within the smart grid setup. It is observed that an adversary who might have familiarity with the substation network architecture can create falsified attack scenarios that can affect the physical operation of the power system. Extensive experiments using the real-time testbed validate the theoretical analysis, and the obtained experimental results prove that the GOOSE-based IEC 61850 compliant substation system is vulnerable to attacks from malicious intruders.

Real-Time Co-Simulation Platform for Smart Grid Volt-VAR Optimization Using IEC 61850

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1392-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moein Manbachi ◽  
Abhinav Sadu ◽  
Hassan Farhangi ◽  
Antonello Monti ◽  
Ali Palizban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Simulation Platform ◽  
Iec 61850

Real-time research lab in the Sundom smart grid pilot

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Monot ◽  
M. Wahler ◽  
J. Valtari ◽  
M. Rita-Kasari ◽  
J. Nikko
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Real Time

scholarly journals Power-Based Non-Intrusive Condition Monitoring for Terminal Device in Smart Grid

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoming Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Ji ◽  
Yanjie Li ◽  
Wenyuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Dsp Processors

As a critical component in the smart grid, the Distribution Terminal Unit (DTU) dynamically adjusts the running status of the entire smart grid based on the collected electrical parameters to ensure the safe and stable operation of the smart grid. However, as a real-time embedded device, DTU has not only resource constraints but also specific requirements on real-time performance, thus, the traditional anomaly detection method cannot be deployed. To detect the tamper of the program running on DTU, we proposed a power-based non-intrusive condition monitoring method that collects and analyzes the power consumption of DTU using power sensors and machine learning (ML) techniques, the feasibility of this approach is that the power consumption is closely related to the executing code in CPUs, that is when the execution code is tampered with, the power consumption changes accordingly. To validate this idea, we set up a testbed based on DTU and simulated four types of imperceptible attacks that change the code running in ARM and DSP processors, respectively. We generate representative features and select lightweight ML algorithms to detect these attacks. We finally implemented the detection system on the windows and ubuntu platform and validated its effectiveness. The results show that the detection accuracy is up to 99.98% in a non-intrusive and lightweight way.

scholarly journals Evaluating Latency in Multiprocessing Embedded Systems for the Smart Grid

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3322
Author(s):  
Sara Alonso ◽  
Jesús Lázaro ◽  
Jaime Jiménez ◽  
Unai Bidarte ◽  
Leire Muguira
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Processing System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Programmable Logic ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Timing Constraint ◽  
Time Part

Smart grid endpoints need to use two environments within a processing system (PS), one with a Linux-type operating system (OS) using the Arm Cortex-A53 cores for management tasks, and the other with a standalone execution or a real-time OS using the Arm Cortex-R5 cores. The Xen hypervisor and the OpenAMP framework allow this, but they may introduce a delay in the system, and some messages in the smart grid need a latency lower than 3 ms. In this paper, the Linux thread latencies are characterized by the Cyclictest tool. It is shown that when Xen hypervisor is used, this scenario is not suitable for the smart grid as it does not meet the 3 ms timing constraint. Then, standalone execution as the real-time part is evaluated, measuring the delay to handle an interrupt created in programmable logic (PL). The standalone application was run in A53 and R5 cores, with Xen hypervisor and OpenAMP framework. These scenarios all met the 3 ms constraint. The main contribution of the present work is the detailed characterization of each real-time execution, in order to facilitate selecting the most suitable one for each application.

scholarly journals System Level Simulation of Microgrid Power Electronic Systems

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Michal Frivaldsky ◽  
Jan Morgos ◽  
Michal Prazenica ◽  
Kristian Takacs
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
System Level ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
System Level Simulation ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we describe a procedure for designing an accurate simulation model using a price-wised linear approach referred to as the power semiconductor converters of a DC microgrid concept. Initially, the selection of topologies of individual power stage blocs are identified. Due to the requirements for verifying the accuracy of the simulation model, physical samples of power converters are realized with a power ratio of 1:10. The focus was on optimization of operational parameters such as real-time behavior (variable waveforms within a time domain), efficiency, and the voltage/current ripples. The approach was compared to real-time operation and efficiency performance was evaluated showing the accuracy and suitability of the presented approach. The results show the potential for developing complex smart grid simulation models, with a high level of accuracy, and thus the possibility to investigate various operational scenarios and the impact of power converter characteristics on the performance of a smart gird. Two possible operational scenarios of the proposed smart grid concept are evaluated and demonstrate that an accurate hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system can be designed.

scholarly journals The IEC 61850 Sampled Measured Values Protocol: Analysis, Threat Identification, and Feasibility of Using NN Forecasters to Detect Spoofed Packets

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad El Hariri ◽  
Eric Harmon ◽  
Tarek Youssef ◽  
Mahmoud Saleh ◽  
Hany Habib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Protocol Analysis ◽  
Data Detection ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Grid Data ◽  
Iec 61850 ◽  
Forecasting Error ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Statistical Indicators

The operation of the smart grid is anticipated to rely profoundly on distributed microprocessor-based control. Therefore, interoperability standards are needed to address the heterogeneous nature of the smart grid data. Since the IEC 61850 emerged as a wide-spread interoperability standard widely accepted by the industry, the Sampled Measured Values method has been used to communicate digitized voltage and current measurements. Realizing that current and voltage measurements (i.e., feedback measurements) are necessary for reliable and secure noperation of the power grid, firstly, this manuscript provides a detailed analysis of the Sampled Measured Values protocol emphasizing its advantages, then, it identifies vulnerabilities in this protocol and explains the cyber threats associated to these vulnerabilities. Secondly, current efforts to mitigate these vulnerabilities are outlined and the feasibility of using neural network forecasters to detect spoofed sampled values is investigated. It was shown that although such forecasters have high spoofed data detection accuracy, they are prone to the accumulation of forecasting error. Accordingly, this paper also proposes an algorithm to detect the accumulation of the forecasting error based on lightweight statistical indicators. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is experimentally verified in a laboratory-scale smart grid testbed.

An application of IEEE 802.11ac to Smart Grid automation based on IEC 61850

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Rinaldi ◽  
Paolo Ferrari ◽  
Alessandra Flammini ◽  
Francesco Gringoli ◽  
Matteo Loda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Iec 61850 ◽  
Ieee 802.11Ac
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