Translation table compression under End-Tagged Dense Code

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tito Valencia ◽  
Lorena O. Cerdeira ◽  
Eva L. Iglesias ◽  
Francisco J. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Translation Table ◽  
Dense Code

scholarly journals Effects of dense code-switching on executive control

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hofweber ◽  
Theodoros Marinis ◽  
Jeanine Treffers-Daller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Executive System ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Bilingualism is reported to re-structure executive control networks, but it remains unknown which aspects of the bilingual experience cause this modulation. This study explores the impact of three code-switching types on executive functions: (1) alternation, (2) insertion, and (3) dense code-switching or congruent lexicalisation. Current models hypothesise that different code-switching types challenge different aspects of the executive system because they vary in the extent and scope of language separation. Two groups of German-English bilinguals differing in dense code-switching frequency participated in a flanker task under conditions varying in degree of trial-mixing and resulting demands to conflict-monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in more dense code-switching showed inhibitory advantages in the condition requiring most conflict-monitoring. Moreover, dense code-switching frequency correlated positively with monitoring skills. This suggests that dense code-switching is a key experience shaping bilinguals’ executive functioning and highlights the importance of controlling for participants’ code-switching habits in bilingualism research.

scholarly journals Antarctic Ocean Whaling Photo Album : Cataloguing And Preservation Of A Japanese Album

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Yun K. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Condition Assessment ◽  
Antarctic Ocean ◽  
Photo Album ◽  
Translation Table ◽  
Whaling Industry ◽  
Marine Product ◽  
Condition Assessments ◽  
Visual Record ◽  
The Antarctic

The Antarctic Ocean whaling photo album is an album published during the 1940's by a Japanese marine product company. The album contains 52 gelatin silver prints of a whaling expedition to the Antarctic Ocean and is a fascinating visual record of the Japanese whaling industry. Using this album as a case study, this thesis project is a study of the cataloguing process and preservation of a photographic album. The goal of this project is to make the album more accessible to researchers through translation, cataloguing and digitization, as well as to provide a preservation strategy through condition assessments. This paper summarizes the research conducted on the album, outlines the cataloguing process, the condition assessment of the album and provides a treatment proposal and a handling guideline for the album. The paper also includes a Romanization chart and a translation table of the album texts as aids for further research.

scholarly journals Phrase Table as Recommendation Memory for Neural Machine Translation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Yining Wang ◽  
Jiajun Zhang ◽  
Chengqing Zong
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Neural Machine Translation ◽  
Prefix Tree ◽  
Translation Table ◽  
Candidate Target ◽  
Target Words

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has drawn much attention due to its promising translation performance recently. However, several studies indicate that NMT often generates fluent but unfaithful translations. In this paper, we propose a method to alleviate this problem by using a phrase table as recommendation memory. The main idea is to add bonus to words worthy of recommendation, so that NMT can make correct predictions. Specifically, we first derive a prefix tree to accommodate all the candidate target phrases by searching the phrase translation table according to the source sentence.Then, we construct a recommendation word set by matching between candidate target phrases and previously translated target words by NMT. After that, we determine the specific bonus value for each recommendable word by using the attention vector and phrase translation probability. Finally,we integrate this bonus value into NMT to improve the translation results. The extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed methods obtain remarkable improvements over the strong attention based NMT.

scholarly journals Predictions about the Cognitive Consequences of Language Switching on Executive Functioning Inspired by the Adaptive Control Hypothesis Fail More Often than Not

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1217
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Paap ◽  
Lauren Mason ◽  
Regina Anders-Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Dual Language ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Interactional Context ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Control Hypothesis ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Influential Theory

The adaptive control hypothesis developed by Green and Abutalebi is the most influential theory of bilingual language control. The focus of this article is on the predictions that other researchers have derived based on the three different modes of interactional context described by the hypothesis. Foremost, that dual-language contexts should enhance domain-general executive functions more than single-language contexts. Several recent and ambitious behavioral tests of these predictions are reviewed. Although there was some evidence that dual-language contexts are associated with smaller switch costs, the evidence is inconsistent and there were no similar advantages for inhibitory control. The hypothesis also predicts neuroanatomical adaptations to the three types of interactional context. A careful evaluation of the relevant fMRI and ERP studies that take into account whether behavioral differences align with neuroscience differences and resolves valence ambiguities led to the conclusion that the neuroscience evidence for the hypothesis is, at best, inconsistent. The study also includes new analyses of two large-sample studies that enable the identification of relatively pure cases of single-language bilinguals, dual-language bilinguals, and dense-code switchers. Across nine different measures of executive functioning, the predicted advantage of the dual-language context never materialized. The hypotheses derived from the adaptive control hypothesis do not accurately predict behavioral performance on tests of executive functioning and do not advance our understanding as to what dimensions of bilingualism may lead to enhancements in specific components of executive functioning.

scholarly journals Code-Switching patterns differentially shape cognitive control: Testing the predictions of the adaptive control hypothesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Gilaine Ng ◽  
Hwajin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Control Hypothesis ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Cue Detection ◽  
Opportunistic Planning

Abstract Bilinguals engage in qualitatively different code-switching patterns (alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization) to different degrees, according to their engagement in different types of interactional contexts (single-language context, dual-language context, and dense code-switching context). Drawing on the adaptive control hypothesis, we examined whether bilinguals’ code-switching patterns would differentially shape multiple aspects of cognitive control (interference control, salient cue detection, and opportunistic planning). We found that a dense code-switching context, which predominantly involves insertion and congruent lexicalization, was positively associated with verbal opportunistic planning but negatively associated with interference control and salient cue detection. In contrast, a dual-language context, which predominantly involves alternation, was not associated with interference control or salient cue detection, but with significantly reduced response times for opportunistic planning. Our findings partially corroborate the theoretical predictions of the adaptive control hypothesis. Altogether, our study illustrates the importance of bilinguals’ disparate code-switching practices in shaping cognitive control outcomes.

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