SAR and averaged power density near a UMTS base-station antenna

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Lacroux ◽  
Albert Carrasco ◽  
Azeddine Gati ◽  
Man-fai Wong ◽  
Joe Wiart
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Base Station

scholarly journals Power density of rectangular microstrip patch antenna arrays for 5G indoor base station

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1367
Author(s):  
Nor Adibah Ibrahim ◽  
Tharek Abd Rahman ◽  
Razali Ngah ◽  
Omar Abd Aziz ◽  
Olakunle Elijah
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
High Data ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cell Base

The fifth-generation (5G) network has been broadly investigated by many researchers. The capabilities of 5G include massive system capacity, incredibly high data rates everywhere, very low latency and the most important point is that it is exceptionally low device cost and low energy consumption. A key technology of 5G is the millimeter wave operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands which enable massive MIMO and small cell base station densification. However, there has been public concern associated with human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from 5G communication devices. Hence, this paper studies the power density of a 5G antenna array that can be used for the indoor base station. The power density is the amount of power or signal strength absorbed by a receiver such as the human body located a distance from the base station. To achieve this, the design of array antennas using CST software at 28 GHz, fabrication and measurement were carried out in an indoor and hallway environment. The measurement processes were set up at IC5G at UTM Kuala Lumpur in which the distance of the transmitter to receiver where 1 m, 4 m, 8 m, and 10 m. In this study, the measured power density is found to be below the set limit by ICNIRP and hence no health implication is feared. Regardless, sufficient act of cautionary has to be applied by those staying close to small cell base stations and more studies are still needed to ensure the safety of use of 5G base stations.

scholarly journals Analytical Study of Radio Frequency Radiation Exposure Level from Different Mobile Base Transceiver Stations in Urban area

2019 ◽  
pp. 457-461
Author(s):  
Aremu O. A. ◽  
Makinde O. S. ◽  
Oyinkanola L. O. A. ◽  
Akande Ademola
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Electromagnetic Emission ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Radio Frequency Radiation ◽  
Multiple Network

Several base stations have been installed due to large economy demand for advancement in technologies. In this work, measurements of radiation level emitted from the base stations were made using a hand held GQ-380 EMF RF meter, the distance was measured at the interval of 20 m from the foot of the base station using a digital distance wheel meter. The electric field of the base station was measured using a GM 3120 electromagnetic radiation tester. The experimental results from this study shows that generally, for all base stations considered, the power density increases between (0 – 40 m) from the base stations and it decreases as the distance increases from 40 – 300 m. The maximum radiated value obtained was 13.35% of the Non-ionizing radiation protection standards (ICNIRP) recommended limit and the average power density for the multiple network was found to be 0.021 mW/m2 while that of single network was found to be 0.006 mW/m2, this is far below the recommended safety level standard for public exposure. Going by the low level of radiations obtained from the various locations in this study, it is discovered that all the operators comply with the ICNIRP recommended level which is 0.45 W/m2. It is therefore concluded that the electromagnetic emission from GSM base stations in the selected areas pose no threat to members of the public within this area.

scholarly journals Study of Power Density Transmitted from Cellular Base Station Towers of Nepal Telecom in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Thapa ◽  
Ram Bharosh Sahu ◽  
Prakash Parajuli ◽  
Buddha Ram Shah
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Radiation Detector ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Satellite Navigation System ◽  
Metropolitan City ◽  
Ionizing Radiations ◽  
Significant Health

Background: In this present world, human beings are being exposed directly or indirectly to some kind of ionizing and non-ionizing radiations with the development of recent scientific technologies or by natural phenomena. The study of the measurement of power density (PD) or Radio Frequency (RF) radiated from cellular Base Station Towers (BSTs) is seemed to be important in Nepal like other countries because of its various health effects. In this study, the authors measured the PD radiated from mobile base station towers in Biratnagar sub-metropolitan city, Morang. Methods and Methodology: All together 18 BSTs were selected within Biratnagar for the study purpose. Tenmars TM-196 which is a non-ionizing radiation detector was used to measure the power density. The Global Positioning System (GPS), a space-based satellite navigation system was used to locate the Maximum Peak Point (MPP) from the BSTs. Result: The maximum power density (PD) was observed near Jogbani boarder i.e. 3781.0 µW/m2 which was 0.63% of the NTA guidelines. Similarly, the minimum power density was observed near Rani BRT i.e 1549.3 µW/m2which was 0.26% of the NTA guidelines. Conclusion: From the survey it can be concluded that there is no significant health hazard to the general people due to non-ionizing radiation radiated from Base Station Towers in Biratnagar. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 338-345

Analysis of RF Radiation and its Health Effects in Champhai District of Mizoram

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Lallawm zuala ◽  
◽  
Lalrinthara Pachuau ◽  
Z. Pachuau ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Base Station ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
Health Symptoms ◽  
First Time ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
Specific Health

A detailed survey was conducted on people living within and beyond 50m from mobile base station, on thirteen (13) different non-specific health symptoms faced by inhabitants living near mobile tower in six different localities in Champhai district for the first time, since mobile tower was erected in 2009. Power density of RF radiation have also been measured within and outside 50m from the station for GSM900 and GSM1800 in the same locality. The measured power densities have been compared with standard limits given by various scientific bodies like International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 1998), Bioinitiative Report (Sage and Carpenter 2012) ,Salzburg Resolution (Haumann et al. 2000) and current Indian National Standards. The radiation level is under permissible limits as per the guidelines adopted in India. Also the results were statistically analysed and compared by using Kruskal Walli’s t-test. It was found that the comparisons are statistically significant with p<0.05 in all the six localities where headache, memory loss and muscle pain are the most common health complaints. From the correlation studies, it has been found that there is a strong positive correlation between power density and complaints on non-specific health symptoms.

scholarly journals Study of the Electromagnetic Field Radiated From the Cell Phone Towers within Kathmandu Valley

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Prakash Parajuli ◽  
Jagat Prasad Panday ◽  
Rajendra Prasad Koirala ◽  
Buddha Ram Shah
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
Peak Point ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Rf Signals ◽  
Mobile Base

With the increase in the use of the mobile phone, widely used wireless technology, people are highly conscious regarding the deleterious effects of the RF signals. To account this consciousness, this research work deals with the assessment of the radiation level near mobile Base Station Towers (BSTs) of Kathmandu valley with the analysis of the observed values in reference to the National and International guidelines and radiation norms adopted in different countries. “Tenmars, TM-196” and GPS map60Csx were employed for the measurement. It is found that the maximum value of the Power density in Kathmandu valley is 0.003602 W/m2 at Maximum Peak Point (MPP) near BST of New Baneshwor area, characterized by high traffic (Vicinity population) and all services across the BSTs and the minimum average radiation level far away from the BSTs (Off tower region) with access of the cellular network has 0.00000206 W/m2 Power density near Lele area, Lalitpur, which is far less than the Power density near the BSTs. It is found that all observed sites are within the standards of the Nepal Telecommunication Authority (NTA) in terms of the amount of EMFs that the base station is radiating. Power density highly depends on vicinity population and moderately depends on services across the BSTs. Also the BSTs are constructed haphazardly near School and Colleges, Hospitals etc.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(2): 179-187 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i2.12297 

Measurement and Analysis of Power Density around Selected Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Base Station Masts in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
O.D. Osahon ◽  
G.E. Okungbowa ◽  
O. Ogboghodo
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Global System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Mobile Phone Base Station ◽  
Edo State

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and other telecommunication technologies are now ubiquitous worldwide. There has been considerable increase in the radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure of the public from GSM and telecommunication transmitting and receiving antennas. If the RF radiation emanating from these devices exceeds internationally recommended limits it may pose health risk to the public. There is, therefore, the need for database of RF distribution levels in Nigeria for safety assessment. In this study, the power density of mobile phone base station masts in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria was measured and analyzed to check if it is within the public standard recommended by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). A total of forty (40) mobile phone base station masts were studied and their power density (mW/m2), magnetic field strength (A/m) and electric field strength (V/m) were determined by means of a digital Electrosmog meter, model MECO 9810 RF covering the frequency range 10 MHz 8 GHz. The measurements were made at the base of the masts and at distances 25, 50, 75 and 100 m respectively from the base of the masts. The results obtained show that the mean power density, magnetic field strength and electric field strength range from 0.589 ± 0.198 to 127.718 ± 11.301 mW/m2, 0.318 ± 0.056 to 4.166 ± 2.041 A/m and 0.934 ± 0.139 to 11.745 ± 3.427 V/m. The measured and calculated power density values were compared and found to indicate high positive correlation. Also the values of the power density obtained in this study at the different distances and locations were found to be far below the ICNIRP public exposure limits ranging from 2000 10000 mW/m2 in the frequency range of 10 MHz 300 GHz.

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