Indoor and outdoor measurements of space, polarization, and angle diversity for cellular base stations in urban environments

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung-ki Kim ◽  
W.L. Stutzman ◽  
D.G. Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environments ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Angle Diversity ◽  
Space Polarization ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

scholarly journals Localization Approach Based on Ray-Tracing Simulations and Fingerprinting Techniques for Indoor–Outdoor Scenarios

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2943
Author(s):  
Antonio Del Corte-Valiente ◽  
José Manuel Gómez-Pulido ◽  
Oscar Gutiérrez-Blanco ◽  
José Luis Castillo-Sequera
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Mobile Stations ◽  
Localization Approach ◽  
Radio Map ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

The increase of the technology related to radio localization and the exponential rise in the data traffic demanded requires a large number of base stations to be installed. This increase in the base stations density also causes a sharp rise in energy consumption of cellular networks. Consequently, energy saving and cost reduction is a significant factor for network operators in the development of future localization networks. In this paper, a localization method based on ray-tracing and fingerprinting techniques is presented. Simulation tools based on high frequencies are used to characterize the channel propagation and to obtain the ray-tracing data. Moreover, the fingerprinting technique requires a costly initial learning phase for cell fingerprint generation (radio-map). To estimate the localization of mobile stations, this paper compares power levels and delay between rays as cost function with different distance metrics. The experimental results show that greater accuracy can be obtained in the location process using the delay between rays as a cost function and the Mahalanobis distance as a metric instead of traditional methods based on power levels and the Euclidean distance. The proposed method appears well suited for localization systems applied to indoor and outdoor scenarios and avoids large and costly measurement campaigns.

scholarly journals Optimization of Cell Size in Ultra-Dense Networks with Multiattribute User Types and Different Frequency Bands

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqiao Wei ◽  
Seung-Hoon Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Ring Method ◽  
Total Network ◽  
Deployment Cost

Ultra-dense cellular networks (UDNs) represent the trend for 5G networks in dense urban environments. With the aim of exploring the optimal extent of network densification under different performance requirements and the trade-off between the network capacity and deployment cost in UDNs, a multiple-objective optimization model is proposed. This novel optimization design consists of a multiattribute user type in which users are grouped based on their propagation conditions and an infinitesimal dividing modeling method termed the ring method for network capacity dimensioning. The optimal cell size is estimated to maximize the total network capacity and minimize the deployment cost under different levels of user capacity demand. Additionally, the corresponding total network capacity and the required number of base stations are presented. Furthermore, two conventional frequency bands, 800 MHz and 1.8 GHz, and two new bands, 3.5 GHz and mmWave 28 GHz, are considered to investigate their feasibility and the potential of higher frequency bands in the 5G network.

Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Bioaerosols in Indoor Urban Environments, Ankara, Turkey

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibel Mentese ◽  
Abbas Yousefi Rad ◽  
Münevver Arısoy ◽  
Gülen Güllü
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Seasonal And Spatial Variations ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Seasonal and spatial variations of both levels and characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi in various types of non-complaint indoor environments and their outdoors were investigated. Bioaerosol samples were collected by the single-stage Andersen sampler during the winter and summer seasons in Ankara, Turkey. Indoor and outdoor temperature, relative humidity (RH) and CO2 concentrations were also monitored online during the sampling. Bacteria levels in apartments were found to be considerably elevated when people were present. Significant relationships between bioaerosol levels and RH and CO2 concentrations ( p<0.05) were found. Bacteria levels exhibited a seasonal variation, while fungi levels did not, probably due to lower fungi concentrations occurrence as a result of lower RH values (median: 30%). Measured low levels of fungi in this study may be due to geographical conditions, climatic factors, and other environmental conditions. The indoor to outdoor (I/O) ratio for bacteria levels were found to be significantly higher than 1.0, while indoor and outdoor fungi levels were similar. Winter to summer (W/S) ratios in the sampling site groups varied on a large scale for both culturable fungi concentrations (0.24–19.59) and total bacteria count (0.16–6.59). The most prominent bacteria were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp., while the most predominant fungi were Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Cladosporium spp.

scholarly journals Measurements of MIMO Indoor Channels at 1800 MHz with Multiple Indoor and Outdoor Base Stations

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura García ◽  
Niklas Jaldén ◽  
Björn Lindmark ◽  
Per Zetterberg ◽  
Leandro de Haro
Keyword(s):  
Base Stations ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

scholarly journals Evaluation of Density Reduction of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes and Biosecurity of the Use of a Paint Containing Propoxur in Selected Houses in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Villegas ◽  
Jorge Castañeda ◽  
Javier Pruñonosa ◽  
Ricardo Arce ◽  
Gerardo Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

This study investigated the development of Aedes aegypti density in houses of the urban locality of Poblado Miguel Alem&aacute;n Valdes, in the Sonora state of Mexico, after application of 1% propoxur paint as full wall coverage (IP) and targeted indoor painting (IP 1m) in comparison to IRS with propoxur 70% WP (full wall coverage). The 1% propoxur paint was applied by the homeowners by brushing and rolling at the recommended dose of 1L/8 m&sup2;, equivalent to 1.5 g a.i./m2, while IRS was conducted by professionals with Propoxur 70% WP at a dose of 1 g a.i./m2. Adult mosquito surveys were conducted in a random sample of houses in each block one week before the interventions and at week 1, month 1 to 4, month 6, month 9 and month 12 post-interventions. All three propoxur based treatments provided similar reductions (43.7%, 44.9% and 41.3% for IP, IP 1m and IRS respectively) in the fraction of houses positive in female Aedes aegypti resting indoor and outdoor as one year average of 8 follow up surveys. Indoor resting density of Aedes females during the one-year evaluation was reduced by 77.5% through IP followed by IP 1m with 64.2% reduction and 30% reduction with IRS. Culex mosquitoes&rsquo; interior density was affected as well by the insecticide treatments with similar average reductions for IP 1m (50.0%) and IRS (57.8%) in comparison with control. Aedes breeding was impacted by the insecticide paint in similar extent for both interventions, expressed by a substantial reduction of the House Index (20.1% IP, 31.2% IP 1m) and especially the Container Index (51.8% IP, 61.7% IP 1m) during the one-year surveys in comparison to control. In contrast, IRS treated block experienced an increase in both indexes. However, despite IP and IP 1m impacted in Aedes adult and immature indexes with noticeable reductions, the differences in all cases were not significative among the different insecticide treatments. The low sample size and mosquito population levels may have influenced the statistical outcomes. More than 80% of the interviewed residents were satisfied with the effectiveness of the paint and IRS treatments. The determination of the blood cholinesterase activity of tested individuals after the use of the carbamate paint and IRS in this study did not exceed acceptable inhibition limits. This study suggests that the application of propoxur paint by homeowners as full house coverage or as targeted indoor painting can be a safe and accepted intervention method for density reduction of Aedes aegypti populations in urban environments.

scholarly journals Methodology for Simulating 5G and GNSS High-Accuracy Positioning

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3220 ◽  
Author(s):  
José del Peral-Rosado ◽  
Jani Saloranta ◽  
Giuseppe Destino ◽  
José López-Salcedo ◽  
Gonzalo Seco-Granados
Keyword(s):  
High Accuracy ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Millimetre Wave ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Hybrid Positioning ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

This paper focuses on the exploitation of fifth generation (5G) centimetre-wave (cmWave) and millimetre-wave (mmWave) transmissions for high-accuracy positioning, in order to complement the availability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in harsh environments, such as urban canyons. Our goal is to present a representative methodology to simulate and assess their hybrid positioning capabilities over outdoor urban, suburban and rural scenarios. A novel scenario definition is proposed to integrate the network density of 5G deployments with the visibility masks of GNSS satellites, which helps to generate correlated scenarios of both technologies. Then, a generic and representative modeling of the 5G and GNSS observables is presented for snapshot positioning, which is suitable for standard protocols. The simulations results indicate that GNSS drives the achievable accuracy of its hybridisation with 5G cmWave, because non-line-of-sight (NLoS) conditions can limit the cmWave localization accuracy to around 20 m. The 5G performance is significantly improved with the use of mmWave positioning with dominant line-of-sight (LoS) conditions, which can even achieve sub-meter localization with one or more base stations. Therefore, these results show that NLoS conditions need to be weighted in 5G localization, in order to complement and outperform GNSS positioning over urban environments.

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