Movies About Intelligence

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Nature Versus Nurture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Iq Tests

There is a strong tendency for the same people to do better or worse on a wide variety of IQ tests. On this basis, some psychologists posit the concept of g, or a general intelligence factor. Does g show that performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks is influenced by individual differences in brain quality? It may, but if so, g lacks a sociological dimension and cannot explain cognitive trends over time or assess their significance. It also encourages a paradox about nature versus nurture and oversimplifies the causes of the Black-White IQ gap.

scholarly journals Within-person structures of daily cognitive performance differ from between-person structures of cognitive abilities

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schmiedek ◽  
Martin Lövdén ◽  
Timo von Oertzen ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
General Factor ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Common Variance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Over a century of research on between-person differences has resulted in the consensus that human cognitive abilities are hierarchically organized, with a general factor, termed general intelligence or “g,” uppermost. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether this body of evidence is informative about how cognition is structured within individuals. Using data from 101 young adults performing nine cognitive tasks on 100 occasions distributed over six months, we find that the structures of individuals’ cognitive abilities vary among each other, and deviate greatly from the modal between-person structure. Working memory contributes the largest share of common variance to both between- and within-person structures, but the g factor is much less prominent within than between persons. We conclude that between-person structures of cognitive abilities cannot serve as a surrogate for within-person structures. To reveal the development and organization of human intelligence, individuals need to be studied over time.

scholarly journals Within-person structures of daily cognitive performance cannot be inferred from between-person structures of cognitive abilities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schmiedek ◽  
Martin Lövdén ◽  
Timo von Oertzen ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
General Factor ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Common Variance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Over a century of research on between-person differences has resulted in the consensus that human cognitive abilities are hierarchically organized, with a general factor, termed general intelligence or “g,” uppermost. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether this body of evidence is informative about how cognition is structured within individuals. Using data from 101 young adults performing nine cognitive tasks on 100 occasions distributed over six months, we find that the structures of individuals’ cognitive abilities vary among each other, and deviate greatly from the modal between-person structure. Working memory contributes the largest share of common variance to both between- and within-person structures, but the g factor is much less prominent within than between persons. We conclude that between-person structures of cognitive abilities cannot serve as a surrogate for within-person structures. To reveal the development and organization of human intelligence, individuals need to be studied over time.

scholarly journals Within-person structures of daily cognitive performance cannot be inferred from between-person structures of cognitive abilities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schmiedek ◽  
Martin Lövdén ◽  
Timo von Oertzen ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
General Factor ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Common Variance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Over a century of research on between-person differences has resulted in the consensus that human cognitive abilities are hierarchically organized, with a general factor, termed general intelligence or “g,” uppermost. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether this body of evidence is informative about how cognition is structured within individuals. Using data from 101 young adults performing nine cognitive tasks on 100 occasions distributed over six months, we find that the structures of individuals’ cognitive abilities vary among each other, and deviate greatly from the modal between-person structure. Working memory contributes the largest share of common variance to both between- and within-person structures, but the g factor is much less prominent within than between persons. We conclude that between-person structures of cognitive abilities cannot serve as a surrogate for within-person structures. To reveal the development and organization of human intelligence, individuals need to be studied over time.

scholarly journals A distributed brain network predicts general intelligence from resting-state human neuroimaging data

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Dubois ◽  
Paola Galdi ◽  
Lynn K. Paul ◽  
Ralph Adolphs
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Total Brain Volume ◽  
Human Connectome Project

Individual people differ in their ability to reason, solve problems, think abstractly, plan and learn. A reliable measure of this general ability, also known as intelligence, can be derived from scores across a diverse set of cognitive tasks. There is great interest in understanding the neural underpinnings of individual differences in intelligence, because it is the single best predictor of long-term life success. The most replicated neural correlate of human intelligence to date is total brain volume; however, this coarse morphometric correlate says little about function. Here, we ask whether measurements of the activity of the resting brain (resting-state fMRI) might also carry information about intelligence. We used the final release of the Young Adult Human Connectome Project (N= 884 subjects after exclusions), providing a full hour of resting-state fMRI per subject; controlled for gender, age and brain volume; and derived a reliable estimate of general intelligence from scores on multiple cognitive tasks. Using a cross-validated predictive framework, we predicted 20% of the variance in general intelligence in the sampled population from their resting-state connectivity matrices. Interestingly, no single anatomical structure or network was responsible or necessary for this prediction, which instead relied on redundant information distributed across the brain.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

scholarly journals Publication Trends in Personality and Individual Differences, 1980–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Imani Turner ◽  
Joy Ellen Losee ◽  
Elizabeth Mahar ◽  
Val Wongsomboon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Title Word ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Emerging Topics ◽  
Over Time

An analysis including 679 articles from the journal Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) investigated trends from 1980 to 2018. Time periods were separated into three groups: 1980–1984, 2000, and 2018. First, the number of title words per article was examined, which showed a linear increase over time. Second, the most frequent words per PAID article were investigated over time. The most frequent title words across three time points were, predictably, “personality,” “individual,” and “differences.” Title word frequencies also unveiled trends such as the adoption of the Big Five and Dark Triad traits, and an increasing interest in latent modeling of personality traits. Third, we explored the number of authors per article, which showed a linear increase across the three time points. Lastly, we identified the most-cited articles from 1980 to 2018. Themes from some of the most influential articles included scale development, scale and construct comparisons, review articles, and innovative methods. Although personality psychology has some constant themes over time, these findings suggest that it continues to be an influential and dynamic field open to incorporating emerging topics and evolving trends over time.

What do we know about financial protection in health in Africa? A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Achungura Kabaniha ◽  
Doris Osei Afriyie ◽  
Mayur L Mandalia ◽  
John E Ataguba
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Financial Protection ◽  
African Region ◽  
Equity Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Financial protection is one of the main indicators to assess progress towards Universal Health Coverage. Efforts have been made globally to monitor financial protection. However, progress in the African Region is limited. Methods A systematic review was conducted to assess financial protection in health in Africa. The search of five databases was conducted between March and May 2019. Studies were included if they conducted empirical analyses on one or two dimensions of financial protection—catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures, at the national or subnational levels. The review included peer-review articles, grey literature and reports. Data extraction included study characteristics, the dimension of financial protection, including methods and data sources, and the type of analysis (incidence, equity analysis, determinants, trends over time) of financial protection. Results Fifty-one studies met the inclusion criteria of the review with at least one study in 41 out of the 47 countries in the WHO African Region. The analyses of the included studies showed that catastrophic and impoverishing health spending occurs in all the countries in the region, albeit at different levels. Various national household surveys were used as data sources. Also, the studies used different methods to assess financial protection. The incidence ranged from 0.29% in Zambia in 2010 to 16.4% in Nigeria in 2009 at a 10% threshold. Due to the wide range of data sources and methods, comparison of findings within and across countries was difficult. Furthermore, the majority of the studies focused on in-depth analysis of catastrophic health spending than impoverishing. Trends over time of both catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures were even limited in single-country analysis. Conclusion This review provides evidence that generally, financial protection is being monitored at the national level in the African Region, and the incidence of financial protection has increased generally in the Region. Further research on financial protection should explore methods to harmonize the estimation of OOP from different surveys In addition, analyses should go beyond measuring the incidence of financial protection and also focus on equity analysis, looking at the drivers and trends of both dimensions of financial protection.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of the worst performance rule

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Lena Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Fast Responses

The worst performance rule (WPR) describes the phenomenon that individuals' slowest responses in a task are more predictive of their intelligence than their fastest or average responses. Because the WPR supposedly amplifies in heavily g-loaded tasks and in samples whose cognitive abilities factor structure is dominated by a strong g-factor, it has been suggested that whatever mechanism is giving rise to the positive manifold may not promote peak performance, but may rather limit performance in a wide range of cognitive tasks. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to provide a meta-analytically determined estimate of the strength, consistency, and generalizability of the WPR. Across 19 studies containing 23 datasets with a total of 3,767 participants, there was robust evidence for the WPR. However, the increase in correlations across quantiles of the RT distribution did not follow a linear, but a logarithmic trend, suggesting that those cognitive processes contributing to fast responses in reaction time tasks are less strongly related to cognitive abilities (r = -.18) than other cognitive processes contributing to average (r = -.28) and slow responses (r = -.33). There was no evidence that the strength of the worst performance rule increased with greater mean reaction times, in tests of general intelligence, or in samples with lower or average cognitive abilities. Instead, it was attenuated in less intelligent samples and greater when correlated with speed instead of intelligence or memory tests. Hence, the WPR may not be as characteristic for g and may play a smaller role for theoretical accounts of the positive manifold than previously thought.

Group Experiences and Individual Differences in Stuttering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4335-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth E. Tichenor ◽  
J. Scott Yaruss
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Experiences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults Who Stutter

Purpose This study explored group experiences and individual differences in the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings perceived by adults who stutter. Respondents' goals when speaking and prior participation in self-help/support groups were used to predict individual differences in reported behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Method In this study, 502 adults who stutter completed a survey examining their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in and around moments of stuttering. Data were analyzed to determine distributions of group and individual experiences. Results Speakers reported experiencing a wide range of both overt behaviors (e.g., repetitions) and covert behaviors (e.g., remaining silent, choosing not to speak). Having the goal of not stuttering when speaking was significantly associated with more covert behaviors and more negative cognitive and affective states, whereas a history of self-help/support group participation was significantly associated with a decreased probability of these behaviors and states. Conclusion Data from this survey suggest that participating in self-help/support groups and having a goal of communicating freely (as opposed to trying not to stutter) are associated with less negative life outcomes due to stuttering. Results further indicate that the behaviors, thoughts, and experiences most commonly reported by speakers may not be those that are most readily observed by listeners.

The Effect of Retest Practice on the Speed-Ability Relationship

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Rockstroh ◽  
Karl Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Attention Switching ◽  
Letter Comparison ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Elementary Cognitive Tasks

Effects of four retest-practice sessions separated by 2 h intervals on the relationship between general intelligence and four reaction time tasks (two memory tests: Sternberg's memory scanning, Posner's letter comparison; and two attention tests: continuous attention, attention switching) were examined in a sample of 83 male participants. Reaction times on all tasks were shortened significantly. The effects were most pronounced with respect to the Posner paradigm and smallest with respect to the Sternberg paradigm. The relationship to general intelligence changed after practice for two reaction time tasks. It increased to significance for continuous attention and decreased for the Posner paradigm. These results indicate that the relationship between psychometric intelligence and elementary cognitive tasks depends on the ability of skill acquisition. In the search for the cognitive roots of intelligence the concept of learning seems to be of importance.

Investment Traits and Intelligence in Adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.

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