Worker Productivity, Working Time Reduction, And The Short-Run And Long-Run Employment Effects

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-chieh Huang ◽  
Juin-jen Chang ◽  
Ching-chong Lai ◽  
Chung-cheng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Working Time ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Time Reduction

Working time policy and paid leave arrangements : the Danish experience in the 1990s

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Kongshøj Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Market Reform ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Paid Leave ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Danish Experience

With regard to the long-run increase in unemployment, trends in Denmark differ little from those in other European and OECD countries. In the last three to four years, however, Denmark has seen a very clear drop in unemployment from a peak of 12.4 per cent in 1994 to 7.7 per cent in 1997. The factors influencing this development have included stronger economic growth, a labour market reform conducted in 1994 and the increasing popularity of a range of programmes for early retirement or paid-leave arrangements. In this contribution, the author outlines the most important steps in working time developments in Denmark, concentrating above all on a description of the paid-leave arrangements which may be regarded as the most innovative component of Danish labour market policy in the 1990s. Paid-leave arrangements are programmes offering financial incentives to workers to take career breaks for purposes of childcare, further training or sabbaticals, etc. They are intended to encourage both employees and unemployed workers to leave the labour market for good or to take a career break. They are linked with the fixed-term recruitment of unemployed workers to the posts vacated. The article contains empirical findings concerning the assessment, take-up rates and employment effects of such paid-leave arrangements.

scholarly journals On the studies of the regular character, factors, effects and perspectives of the working time dynamics in modern economy

POPULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-168
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Zolotov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Substitution Effect ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time Reduction

The article examines a significant array of the scientific works devoted to different aspects of the working time dynamics. The conclusion is made that the main measure of this dynamics is the average number of hours worked per worker. This indicator can be used for analysis of all periods of labor activity including seniority. It is stated that the research on the problem shows a long-run trend of working time reduction. The works devoted to the topic also consider other factors affecting length of work: increase of labor productivity, influence of income effect and substitution effect on individual labor supply, motivation of employers, role of trade unions and collective bargaining, labor legislation. There are presented approaches to explanation of differences in the dynamics of working time in the USA and in West Europe. It is taken into account that the working time reduction during the past decades is characterized as one of the preconditions of pension reforms. There are considered works that contain analysis of the effects caused by the changes in working time length, including their impact on workers' health, work-life balance, gender inequality, unemployment rate, labor productivity, environment, perception the life as happy. The article shows a significant interest of researchers to perspectives of the working time dynamics in the context of analysis of J. M. Keynes's prediction about switch to 3-hour shifts by 2030. It is stated that the problem of perspectives of the working time dynamics is becoming one of the key issues in discussing the concept of Universal Basic Income. The article notes the attention of researchers to experiments on the working day reduction to 6 hours.

Infrastructure investment and employment: Evidence for Portugal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1377
Author(s):  
Alfredo M. Pereira ◽  
Rui M. Pereira ◽  
Pedro G. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Infrastructure Investments

We estimated how investment in 12 infrastructure types affects employment in Portugal. Using a vector-autoregressive specification at the industry level, we found a double dividend associated with ports and airports: investing in either delivers the greatest bang per euro, both on impact and in the long run. One million euros invested in ports and airports creates 717.1 and 290.5 jobs in the long run, respectively, and 535 and 253.3 jobs in the short run, respectively. Regarding long-term employment effects, these are followed by municipal roads, telecommunications, national roads, health structures, education facilities, refineries, railroads, and highways. Water infrastructures and electricity and gas infrastructures have negligible effects. With the long-term effects decomposed, sizable supply-side employment effects for health and education facilities exist, while demand-side effects dominate for airports, ports, municipal roads, and telecommunications. Employment following the investment in national roads is balanced across demand and supply channels. We found no significant employment-related location effects of infrastructure investments. Also, investing in either health facilities or in education buildings entails non-negligible job losses in the short run. These results suggest that the magnitude and the timing of job creation crucially depend on the type of infrastructure investment. Policymakers in Portugal need to be aware of this in choosing between countercyclical or structural targets.

scholarly journals Employment and Earnings Effects of Awarding Training Vouchers in Germany

ILR Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle Doerr ◽  
Bernd Fitzenberger ◽  
Thomas Kruppe ◽  
Marie Paul ◽  
Anthony Strittmatter
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Labor Market Success ◽  
The Unemployed

Participation in intensive training programs for the unemployed in Germany is allocated by awarding training vouchers. Using rich administrative data for all vouchers and actual program participation, the authors provide first estimates of the short-run and long-run employment and earnings effects of receiving a training voucher award based on a selection-on-observables assumption. The results imply that, after the award, voucher recipients experience long periods of lower labor market success compared to had they not received training vouchers. Small positive employment effects and no gains in earnings were observed four to seven years after the receipt of the voucher award. In addition, the findings suggest stronger positive effects both for all low-skilled individuals who were awarded and redeemed a voucher and for low-skilled and medium-skilled individuals who chose to take degree courses than for higher-skilled recipients.

Sind betriebliche Bündnisse für Arbeit erfolgreich? / Are ln-plant Alliances for Job Security Successful?

2005 ◽  
Vol 225 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Hübler
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Pay Cuts ◽  
Works Council ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThis paper uses data from the WSI works council survey in 2003 where detailed information on agreements between employers and employees to secure jobs are available. Firm size and profit effects of company-level agreements are investigated. A major result is that the development of firm size is less favourable in companies with in-plant alliances than in other firms. Interestingly, this result is stronger within the group of successful firms. If we distinguish between several measures our estimation shows that training on-the-job and prolongation of working hours are positively correlated with the objective of job security while pay cuts, reduction of working hours and reorganisation of firms lead to further lay-offs. More ambiguous is the impact of working hours accounts. Our investigations demonstrate that the agreements are more successful if employers or the management suggest an in-plant alliance than works councils or unions. Usually, we observe only short run positive employment effects but in the medium term the effects are negative. Only in the long run the development turns around and in-plant alliances are really successful. Sometimes, renegotiations can help to improve the situation.

scholarly journals Towards the Solution of the Economic Problem? – On the Non-Revolutionary Relationship between Working Time and Productivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schief
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Time Reduction

The increase of productivity we faced in the last hundred years was the basis for fundamental predictions on how a rising standard of living would reduce working time in the long run. Keynes predicted in 1930 that the economic problem would be solved and “mankind will be deprived of its traditional purpose” (Keynes 1931[1930]: 366). It is quite obvious that Keynes prediction is wrong when it comes to working time. This article takes a closer look at the developments of working time and productivity in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Since the beginning of the 1970s, in all three countries under investigation, working time reduction ended. By discussing reasons for the abrupt ending of working time reduction this article proposes a theoretical model on the development of working time, wages, and productivity.

scholarly journals Consumption and Employment Effects of Income Redistribution in Pakistan

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 347-363
Author(s):  
Aftab Ahmad Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Malik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Important Policy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Direct Attack ◽  
Trickle Down

The argument that growth and equality are two opposite objectives and the conviction that if the former is preferred in the short run, the latter will automatically follow in the long run, though very popular in the past, have become somewhat controversial in recent years. Available evidence from the developing countries does not seem to support the 'trickle down' theory. It is being increasingly felt that the solution to the problem of poverty does not lie in mere maximization of the GNP. Economists have now started stressing the need for 'direct attack on poverty' (6, pp.42- 44] and for specific policies with growth implications for different groups in the Society (2, p. xiii] . Redistribution of income among different groups is therefore emerging as an important policy objective in many developing countries, including Pakistan.

Migration and US agricultural competitiveness

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Farm Workers ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Guest Workers ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Lower Wage ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

Agriculture has one of the highest shares of foreign-born and unauthorized workers among US industries; over three-fourths of hired farm workers were born abroad, usually in Mexico, and over half of all farm workers are unauthorized. Farm employers are among the few to openly acknowledge their dependence on migrant and unauthorized workers, and they oppose efforts to reduce unauthorized migration unless the government legalizes currently illegal farm workers or provides easy access to legal guest workers. The effects of migrants on agricultural competitiveness are mixed. On the one hand, wages held down by migrants keep labour-intensive commodities competitive in the short run, but the fact that most labour-intensive commodities are shipped long distances means that long-run US competitiveness may be eroded as US farmers have fewer incentives to develop labour-saving and productivity-improving methods of farming and production in lower-wage countries expands.

Electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghazali Ismail ◽  
Arlinah Abd Rashid ◽  
Azlina Hanif
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Panel Estimation ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship and causality direction between electricity consumption and economic growth is an important issue in the fields of energy economics and policies towards energy use. Extensive literatures has discussed the issue, but the array of findings provides anything but consensus on either the existence of relations or direction of causality between the variables. This study extends research in this area by studying the long-run and causal relations between economic growth, electricity consumption, labour and capital based on the neo-classical one sector aggregate production technology mode using data of electricity consumption and real GDP for ASEAN from the year 1983 to 2012. The analysis is conducted using advanced panel estimation approaches and found no causality in the short run while in the long-run, the results indicate that there are bidirectional relationship among variables. This study provides supplementary evidences of relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN.

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