Autism and Developmental Receptive Language Disorder—a Comparative Follow‐up in Early Adult Life. I: Cognitive and Language Outcomes

SynopsisThe research presented in this paper examined the relationship between the presence of childhood behaviour problems and the rate of life events and difficulties in early adult life. Data are presented from a 20 year follow-up study of a sample of inner London school children first studied when they were aged 10. The key finding was that emotional or behavioural disturbance in childhood was associated with a marked increase in the rate of severely negative events and difficulties some two decades later. This increase was only obtained for stressors with severe negative impact of the type shown in previous investigations to be associated with the onset of psychiatric disorder. Additional results demonstrated that this main finding could not be accounted for by stressors that were a result of adult psychiatric disorder, by the respondent's own behaviour, or by continuing association with the family of origin. The need for a lifespan developmental approach to the well-established stressor-illness link is discussed.

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P742 Morbidity and mortality outcomes of paediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease in early adult life: A Scottish population-based, nested case–control study

Journal of Crohn s and Colitis ◽

10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.870 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S593-S594

Author(s):

C Burgess ◽

C Schnier ◽

I Chalmers ◽

R K Russell ◽

R Hansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Adult Life ◽

Population Based ◽

Case Control ◽

Scottish Population ◽

Early Adult Life ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Nested Case Control ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background The risk of morbidity and mortality related to paediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) and its treatment is a major concern to both patients and clinicians, especially when this may affect early adult life. We aimed to determine whether PIBD patients are at increased risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, cancer and death in a nationwide population-based study using administrative health data research methodology. Methods All children diagnosed with PIBD in Scotland 1981–2017 were identified within the Scottish Morbidity Record inpatient and day-case dataset (SMR01). PIBD cases were defined as any inpatient International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding for Crohn’s disease (CD; 555/K50) or ulcerative colitis (UC; 556/K51) until age 16; 10% of cases were individually validated. A nested case-control study (1:3 ratio) matched for sex, age, postcode sector and deprivation quintile within the Scottish population was performed. Data-linkage was applied to SMR01, SMR06 (Scottish Cancer Registry) and NRS deaths datasets to identify any diagnosis of IHD, acute stroke, cancer or mortality. Cancer diagnoses were classified into potential disease related (small bowel, colonic, rectal, anal, hepatobiliary) or treatment related (lymphoma, leukaemia, myeloma, PTLD) cancers. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for each outcome using mixed effects Cox regression and the potential effect of sex, year of diagnosis and age at diagnosis were explored. Results The study population comprised 2484 children with PIBD and 7451 matched controls. Median age of PIBD diagnosis was 12 years (IQR 10–14) and age at end of follow-up 24 years (IQR 17–33) with 141,605 total person-years follow-up. Validation identified 242/261 true positive cases (positive predictive value 93%). 2 cases (0.08%) and 7 controls (0.09%) had an admission for IHD during follow-up (p = 0.845); 6 cases (0.24%) and 5 controls (0.07%) were admitted for stroke (p = 0.024). PIBD cases had a significantly higher risk of any cancer diagnosis (62 cases: 97 controls) HR 1.97 (p < 0.001), including a 31.9 times higher risk of disease-related cancers (p < 0.001) and a 6 times higher risk of treatment-related cancers (p = 0.011). The effect of PIBD on cancer risk was higher in males, but not related to year or age. PIBD cases had a greater risk of mortality (60 cases: 51 controls) HR 3.61 (p < 0.001). The specific mortality risk from infection was 21.4 times higher in PIBD cases (p = 0.004); the risk of suicide was 2.4 times higher but not statistically significant (p = 0.085). The effect of PIBD on mortality risk was not modified by sex, year or age. Conclusion Cancer and mortality are meaningful, serious early adult life adverse sequelae of PIBD however IHD and stroke occur infrequently.

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The Legacy of Physical Education: Influences on Adult Lifestyle

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.12.1.34 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 34-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Roy J. Shephard ◽

François Trudeau

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Adult Life ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Health Value ◽

Early Adult Life ◽

Long Term Impact

It is now well-established that well-designed programs can induce short-term gains in aerobic fitness, muscular strength, and physical performance, although during the primary school years, gains may be somewhat less than in adults. Long-term effects have as yet had little investigation. Most studies have looked simply at the tracking of activity patterns and associated lifestyle variables, usually from mid or late adolescence into early adult life. Although statistically significant, such tracking has been relatively weak. Further, in the absence of an experimental intervention, such studies provide little information on the long-term health value of physical education. The potential for obtaining definitive information is suggested by a long-term (20+ year) follow-up of participants in the Trois Rivières study. This program was well-perceived by participants, and the data obtained on adults suggest it may have had some favorable long-term impact on activity patterns, physiological parameters, and smoking behavior.

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A Five to Fifteen Year Follow-Up Study of Infantile Psychosis

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.113.504.1183 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 113 (504) ◽

pp. 1183-1199 ◽

Cited By ~ 296

Author(s):

Michael Rutter ◽

David Greenfeld ◽

Linda Lockyer

Keyword(s):

Residential Care ◽

Poor Prognosis ◽

Adult Life ◽

The Other ◽

Full Time ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Follow Up Studies ◽

Early Adult Life

The two major follow-up studies of children suffering from infantile psychosis, that of Kanner's cases (Kanner, 1943 and 1949; Kanner and Eisenberg, 1955; Eisenberg and Kanner, 1956; Eisenberg, 1956; Kanner and Lesser, 1958) and that of psychotic children seen by Creak (1962, 1963a and b) have shown the generally poor prognosis for these children. In both studies about half the children were in full-time residential care (usually mental sub-normality hospitals) at follow-up, and only 5 per cent. to 17 per cent. could be said to be well adjusted. Similar findings have been reported in the other published studies (reviewed in Rutter, 1966a). Kanner and Eisenberg have described the course of the characteristics of aloneness or autism shown by all or nearly all children with infantile psychosis (Kanner, 1943; Kanner and Eisenberg, 1955; Eisenberg and Kanner, 1956). Although some psychotic children emerge from their solitude to a greater or lesser extent, a lack of social perceptiveness usually remains even in adolescence or early adult life.

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A longitudinal follow-up study of people with Prader–Willi syndrome with psychosis and those at increased risk of developing psychosis due to genetic subtype

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291713002961 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (11) ◽

pp. 2431-2435 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. V. Larson ◽

J. Whittington ◽

T. Webb ◽

A. J. Holland

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Uniparental Disomy ◽

Adult Life ◽

Prader Willi Syndrome ◽

Psychiatric Medication ◽

Maternal Uniparental Disomy ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Genetic Subtype ◽

Early Adult Life

BackgroundPeople with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), a genetically defined developmental disorder, are at increased risk of developing psychotic illness. This is particularly the case for those with a genetic subtype of PWS called maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD), where rates of psychosis are more than 60% by early adult life. Little is known about the long-term course of their disorder.MethodIndividuals who had had episodes of psychosis or were at increased risk of developing psychosis due to their genetic subtype and had taken part in a previous study were contacted. Ten people were untraceable or deceased, leaving a total of 38 potential participants. Of these, 28 agreed to take part in a follow-up interview or complete a questionnaire about their mental health and medication. This represented 20/35 (57.1%) people from the original study who had had psychosis and 8/13 (61.5%) people who were at risk due to their genetic subtype. They were thought to be representative of those groups as a whole based on IQ and number of episodes of psychosis.ResultsTwo individuals had had recurrent episodes of psychosis while all others remained well. There were no new-onset cases of psychosis in those at risk. Individuals with PWS remained on high levels of psychiatric medication throughout the follow-up period.ConclusionsRecurrent episodes of psychosis may be rare in people with PWS once stability has been achieved in the management of their illness. We speculate that this may be due to the protective influence of medication.

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Longitudinal assessment of airway responsiveness from 1 month to 18 years in the PIAF birth cohort

European Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1183/13993003.00397-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1654-1661 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Desmond W. Cox ◽

Dave Mullane ◽

Guicheng C. Zhang ◽

Steve W. Turner ◽

Catherine M. Hayden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Early Life ◽

Adult Life ◽

Airway Responsiveness ◽

Longitudinal Assessment ◽

Immunological Responses ◽

Response Slope ◽

Early Adult Life ◽

The Relationship

The Perth Infant Asthma Follow-up (PIAF) study involves a birth cohort of unselected subjects who have undergone longitudinal assessments of airway responsiveness at 1, 6 and 12 months and 6, 11 and 18 years of age. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between increased airway responsiveness throughout childhood and asthma in early adult life.Airway responsiveness to histamine, assessed as a dose–response slope (DRS), and a respiratory questionnaire were completed at 1, 6 and 12 months and 6, 11 and 18 years of age.253 children were initially recruited and studied. Airway responsiveness was assessed in 203, 174, 147, 103, 176 and 137 children at the above-mentioned time points, respectively (39 participants being assessed on all test occasions). Asthma at 18 years was associated with increased airway responsiveness at 6, 12 and 18 years, but not during infancy (slope 0.24, 95% CI 0.06–0.42; p=0.01; slope 0.25, 95% CI 0.08–0.49; p=0.006; and slope 0.56, 95% CI 0.29–0.83; p<0.001, respectively).Increased airway responsiveness and its association with asthma at age 18 years is established between infancy and 6 years. We propose that airway responsiveness in early life reflects the initial airway geometry and airway responsiveness later in childhood increasingly reflects immunological responses to environmental influences.

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A Neurodevelopment Approach for a Transitional Model of Early Onset Schizophrenia

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11020275 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 275 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Domenico De Berardis ◽

Sergio De Filippis ◽

Gabriele Masi ◽

Stefano Vicari ◽

Alessandro Zuddas

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systems Of Care ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Adult Life ◽

Careful Analysis ◽

Receptive Language ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Neurodegenerative Process ◽

Developmental Disturbance ◽

Early Adult Life

In the last decades, the conceptualization of schizophrenia has dramatically changed, moving from a neurodegenerative process occurring in early adult life to a neurodevelopmental disorder starting be-fore birth, showing a variety of premorbid and prodromal symptoms and, in relatively few cases, evolving in the full-blown psychotic syndrome. High rates of co-occurring different neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism spectrum disorder and ADHD, predating the onset of SCZ, and neurobio-logical underpinning with significant similarities, support the notion of a pan-developmental disturbance consisting of impairments in neuromotor, receptive language, social and cognitive development. Con-sidering that many SCZ risk factors may be similar to symptoms of other neurodevelopmental psychi-atric disorders, transition processes from child & adolescent to adult systems of care should include both high risk people as well as subject with other neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders with different levels of severity. This descriptive mini-review discuss the need of innovative clinical approaches, re-considering specific diagnostic categories, stimulating a careful analysis of risk factors and promoting the appropriate use of new and safer medications.

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prognosis of language outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder

Autism & Developmental Language Impairments ◽

10.1177/2396941518767610 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 239694151876761 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Amanda Brignell ◽

Angela T Morgan ◽

Susan Woolfenden ◽

Felicity Klopper ◽

Tamara May ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Receptive Language ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Language Outcomes ◽

Comparable Rate ◽

Verbal Language ◽

Over Time

Background Language difficulties are common in autism spectrum disorder, yet little is known about the prognosis of language in children with autism spectrum disorder. The aim of this study was to systematically review studies reporting language outcomes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Method A comprehensive search strategy with a well-established sensitive prognosis filter for Medline, adapted for five other databases, was used. Included studies observed individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder for ≥12 months and had ≥30 participants. Risk of bias was assessed. Results Fifty-four studies (N = 5064) met inclusion criteria. Language outcomes were standardised assessments (n = 35), notation of presence/absence of verbal language (n = 11) or both (n = 8). Age at baseline ranged from 17 months to 26 years, duration of follow-up from 1 to 38 years. Most publications (92%) were rated medium to high risk of bias. In all but one study individuals had below-average scores at baseline and follow-up. However, in most (n = 24/25; 96%) studies reporting standard scores, individuals (aged ≤ 11 years at follow-up) progressed at a comparable rate to age-expected norms or demonstrated some ‘catch up’ over time. Meta-analyses found mean standard scores increased over time in three language domains (composite receptive language, composite expressive language and adaptive language). Nineteen to thirty percent of children aged five years and under gained verbal language. For children aged over five years 5–32% gained verbal language over the course of study. Age, baseline language scores, IQ and length of follow-up did not moderate between study differences in composite language or adaptive language growth or the acquisition of verbal language. Conclusion Despite variability in study methods, findings were consistent, with the majority of studies reporting children under 11 years on average progressed at a comparable rate to age-expected norms or with some ‘catchup’ over time. Implications This review provides synthesised information for families and clinicians on language development over time and on language outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Such information can be useful for prognostic counselling and may assist planning around future resources and support needs. This review also makes recommendations regarding methodology for future studies so that prognosis can become more fine-tuned at an individual level.

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