Effect of spontaneous saliva swallowing on short-term heart rate variability (HRV) and reliability of HRV analysis

AbstractHeart rate variability (HRV) is a well established mortality risk factor in both healthy dogs and those with heart failure. While the standards for short-term HRV analysis have been developed in humans, only reference values for HRV parameters determined from 24-hour ECG have been proposed in dogs. The aim of this study was to develop the reference values for short-term HRV parameters in a group of 50 healthy dogs of various breeds (age 4.86 ± 2.74 years, body weight 12.2 ± 3.88 kg). The ECG was recorded continuously for at least 180 min in a dark and quiet room. All electrocardiograms were inspected automatically and manually to eliminate atrial or ventricular premature complexes. Signals were transformed into a spectrum using the fast Fourier transform. The HRV parameters were measured at fixed times from 60-min ECG segments. The following time-domain parameters (ms) were analyzed: mean NN, SDNN, SDANN, SDNN index, rMSSD and pNN50. Moreover, frequency-domain parameters (Hz) were determined, including very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components, total power (TP) and the LF/HF ratio. The results (means ± SD) were as follows: mean NN = 677.68 ± 126.89; SDNN = 208.86 ± 77.1; SDANN = 70.75 ± 30.9; SDNN index = 190.75 ± 76.12; rMSSD = 259 ± 120.17, pNN50 = 71.84 ± 13.96; VLF = 984.96 ± 327.7; LF = 1501.24 ± 736.32; HF = 5845.45 ± 2914.20; TP = 11065.31 ± 3866.87; LF/HF = 0.28 ± 0.11.

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Effect of Motion Artifact on Variation in Heart Rate Variability Parameters

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.f9840.038620 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 4611-4616

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Complete Removal ◽

Motion Artifact ◽

Time Shift ◽

Short Term ◽

Dynamic Activity ◽

The Mean ◽

Hrv Analysis ◽

Sudden Motion

The heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive way properly for investigating the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) as well as to predict cardiovascular diseases. To guarantee an accurate HRV analysis, a motion artifact-free HRV recording must be obtained. However, complete removal of a motion artifact is impossible when measuring heartbeats for 5 min, and the motion artifact due to sudden ANS activity must be taken into consideration for the HRV parameters. And, the ANS balance has thus far been evaluated by each individual HRV parameter calculated for a single 5 min HRV segment, leading to the dynamic activity of the ANS within the same period being ignored. Therefore, to resolve this problem, HRV parameters for ultra-short-term segments that are short enough to reflect a sudden motion artifact must be analyzed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a motion artifact on the variation in HRV parameters to provide detailed information on ANS activity. The 121 ultra-short-term HRV segments were created by moving a 1-min window forward by a time shift interval of 2 s for the entire 5 min HRV segment. The ratios of Ln LF to Ln HF in these ultra-short-term segments and a single 5 min segment with a motion artifact were 0.89 and 1.06, respectively, while those in a motion artifact-free HRV segment were 0.75 and 0.93, respectively. This variation test for a short-term motion artifact and motion artifact-free HRV dataset was found to affect the SDNN (7.73 and 2.68), SD2 (11.44 and 4.42), TINN (40.33 and 9.92), and Ln HF (0.37 and 0.13) the most in terms of the standard deviation, respectively. Taken together, the mean HRV parameters of many ultra-short-term segments might play an important role in evaluating dynamic ANS activities within a short-term segment, avoiding the false conclusions made by the traditional HRV analysis.

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Is Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Valid in Non-static Conditions?

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.596060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jin Woong Kim ◽

Hyeon Seok Seok ◽

Hangsik Shin

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Measurement Time ◽

Exercise Recovery ◽

Short Term ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Hrv Analysis ◽

Time Required ◽

Static Conditions ◽

Post Exercise Recovery

In mobile healthcare, heart rate variability (HRV) is increasingly being used in dynamic patient states. In this situation, shortening of the measurement time is required. This study aimed to validate ultra-short-term HRV in non-static conditions. We conducted electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements at rest, during exercise, and in the post-exercise recovery period in 30 subjects and analyzed ultra-short-term HRV in time and frequency domains by ECG in 10, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240-s intervals, and compared the values to the 5-min HRV. For statistical analysis, null hypothesis testing, Cohen’s d statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis were used, with a statistical significance level of P < 0.05. The feasibility of ultra-short-term HRV and the minimum time required for analysis showed differences in each condition and for each analysis method. If the strict criteria satisfying all the statistical methods were followed, the ultra-short-term HRV could be derived from a from 30 to 240-s length of ECG. However, at least 120 s was required in the post-exercise recovery or exercise conditions, and even ultra-short-term HRV was not measurable in some variables. In contrast, according to the lenient criteria needed to satisfy only one of the statistical criteria, the minimum time required for ultra-short-term HRV analysis was 10–60 s in the resting condition, 10–180 s in the exercise condition, and 10–120 s in the post-exercise recovery condition. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that a longer measurement time was required for ultra-short-term HRV analysis in dynamic conditions. This suggests that the existing ultra-short-term HRV research results derived from the static condition cannot applied to the non-static conditions of daily life and that a criterion specific to the non-static conditions are necessary.

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Ultra-Short-Term and Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Recording during Training Camps and an International Tournament in U-20 National Futsal Players

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17030775 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 775 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yung-Sheng Chen ◽

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Pedro Bezerra ◽

Yu-Xian Lu

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Body Weight ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Autonomic Function ◽

Early Morning ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Mean Square ◽

Short Term ◽

Hrv Analysis

The aim of this study was to examine ultra-short-term and short-term heart rate variability (HRV) in under-20 (U-20) national futsal players during pre-tournament training camps and an official tournament. Fourteen male U-20 national futsal players (age = 18.07 ± 0.73 yrs; height = 169.57 ± 8.40 cm; body weight = 64.51 ± 12.19 kg; body fat = 12.42% ± 3.18%) were recruited to participate in this study. Early morning 10 min resting HRV, Borg CR-10 scale session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), and general wellness questionnaire were used to evaluate autonomic function, training load, and recovery status, respectively. Log-transformed root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (LnRMSSD) was used to compare the first 30 s, first 1 min, first 2 min, first 3 min, and first 4 min with standard 5 min LnRMSSD. Mean (LnRMSSDmean) and coefficient of variation (LnRMSSDcv) of LnRMSSD were used to compare the different time segments of HRV analysis. The result of LnRMSSDmean showed nearly perfect reliability and relatively small bias in all comparisons. In contrast, LnRMSSDcv showed nearly perfect reliability and relatively small bias from 2-4 min time segments in all study periods. In conclusion, for accuracy of HRV measures, 30 s or 1 min ultra-short-term record of LnRMSSDmean and short-term record of LnRMSSDcv of at least 2 min during the training camps are recommended in U-20 national futsal players.

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Comparing Ictal Cardiac Autonomic Changes in Patients with Frontal Lobe Epilepsy and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy by Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Analysis

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57070666 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 666

Author(s):

Sungmin You ◽

Hyunjin Jo ◽

Baekhwan Cho ◽

Jooyeon Song ◽

Dongyeop Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽

Frontal Lobe ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Sympathetic Activity ◽

Frontal Lobe Epilepsy ◽

Short Term ◽

The Mean ◽

Hrv Analysis

Background and Objectives: Abnormal epileptic discharges in the brain can affect the central brain regions that regulate autonomic activity and produce cardiac symptoms, either at onset or during propagation of a seizure. These autonomic alterations are related to cardiorespiratory disturbances, such as sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. This study aims to investigate the differences in cardiac autonomic function between patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) using ultra-short-term heart rate variability (HRV) analysis around seizures. Materials and Methods: We analyzed electrocardiogram (ECG) data recorded during 309 seizures in 58 patients with epilepsy. Twelve patients with FLE and 46 patients with TLE were included in this study. We extracted the HRV parameters from the ECG signal before, during and after the ictal interval with ultra-short-term HRV analysis. We statistically compared the HRV parameters using an independent t-test in each interval to compare the differences between groups, and repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test the group differences in longitudinal changes in the HRV parameters. We performed the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons procedure as the post hoc test. Results: Among the HRV parameters, the mean interval between heartbeats (RRi), normalized low-frequency band power (LF) and LF/HF ratio were statistically different between the interval and epilepsy types in the t-test. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the mean RRi and RMSSD were significantly different by epilepsy type, and the normalized LF and LF/HF ratio significantly interacted with the epilepsy type and interval. Conclusions: During the pre-ictal interval, TLE patients showed an elevation in sympathetic activity, while the FLE patients showed an apparent increase and decrease in sympathetic activity when entering and ending the ictal period, respectively. The TLE patients showed a maintained elevation of sympathetic and vagal activity in the pos-ictal interval. These differences in autonomic cardiac characteristics between FLE and TLE might be relevant to the ictal symptoms which eventually result in SUDEP.

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Effects of Moxa (Folium Artemisiae argyi) Smoke Exposure on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Human Study

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/510318 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yingxue Cui ◽

Baixiao Zhao ◽

Yuhai Huang ◽

Zhanghuang Chen ◽

Ping Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Young Adults ◽

Human Study ◽

Short Term ◽

Percentage Decrease ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Hrv Analysis ◽

Spss Software ◽

And Control

Objective. To determine the effects of the moxa smoke on human heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV).Methods. Fifty-five healthy young adults were randomly divided into experimental (n=28) and control (n=27) groups. Experimental subjects were exposed to moxa smoke (2.5 ± 0.5 mg/m3) twice for 25 minutes in one week. ECG monitoring was performed before, during, and after exposure. Control subjects were exposed to normal indoor air in a similar environment and similarly monitored. Followup was performed the following week. Short-term (5 min) HRV parameters were analyzed with HRV analysis software. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.Results. During and after the first exposure, comparison of percentage changes or changes in all parameters between groups showed no significant differences. During the second exposure, percentage decrease in HR, percentage increases in lnTP, lnHF, lnLF, and RMSSD, and increase in PNN50 were significantly greater in the experimental group than in control.Conclusion. No significant adverse HRV effects were associated with this clinically routine 25-minute exposure to moxa smoke, and the data suggests that short-term exposure to moxa smoke might have positive regulating effects on human autonomic function. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

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CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: GRADING OF SEVERITY AS REFLECTED BY SHORT TERM HEART RATE VARIABILITY.

10.36106/ijsr/8431417 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 51-53

Author(s):

Somsubhra Sarkar ◽

Jayanta Bhattacharya

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Short Term ◽

Autonomic Functions ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Hrv Analysis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a broad spectrum respiratory illness where there are structural and functional changesin the lungs. According to WHO, COPD is a leading global burden and by 2030 it will be the third leading cause of death worldwide. The structural and functional changes in the lungs in COPD patients tend to inuence the cardiac autonomic functions and heart rate variability (HRV). Previousstudiesshow that there is decrease in heart rate variability in COPD patients. In many previousstudies, it isfound that results ofshort term HRV analysis of 5minutes is comparable to standard 24hours HRV analysis and is very patient friendly and reproducible procedure to analyse the cardiac autonomic functions. So determination of parameters of cardiac autonomic functions with the help of short term HRV analysis in COPD patients is helpful in determining the pathophysiology and subsequent management of such patients. A Descriptive and observational study was conducted upon 100 previously diagnosed COPD patients at the Autonomic function research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, R G Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal. The study includes short term (5min) HRV analysis in COPD patients between the age group 18years and 60years after fullling appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria and the results were analyzed using proper statistical software. After analysis of different data it was found that there is decrease in heart rate variability (in both Time domain and Frequency domain analysis) in case of COPD and also the decrease is more in case of increasing severity grading of COPD. Sympathetic activity increases and vagal or parasympathetic activity upon heart rate decreases with the increase in COPD grading. Further studies with more number of subjects will be helpful in assessing pathophysiology and management of COPD patients with the help of HRV analysis.

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A study of short term heart rate variability in dipping tobacco users

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v5i3.9588 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 91-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.I.Glad Mohesh ◽

K Ratchagan ◽

A Sundaramurthy

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Autonomic Function ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Medical Science ◽

Short Term ◽

Cardiovascular Autonomic Function ◽

Hrv Analysis

Background: WHO (2010) reported the rise in the number of smokeless tobacco users in India. Dipping tobacco is a form of smokeless tobacco being used in these region in various trade names. Nicotine in smoking tobacco is found to alter the cardiovascular autonomic functions. As the expected cardiovascular mortality due to tobacco use across the globe is very high, here we studied the effect of dipping tobacco on cardiovascular autonomic function using the short term heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Methods: Five minutes Lead II ECG at rest is aquired from male dipping tobacco moderate users (n=30) and age matched controls (n=30). Frequency and time domain parameters were derived and analysed using the Kubios HRV analysis software. Blood pressure changes were also compared. Unpaired ‘t’ test was done using SPSS 17.0 and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Significant changes in certain parameters indicated that there is a developing set back in the sympathetic control over the heart (LF, 383.8+115.8, 952.8+131.1, p<0.01) and also an established increase in diastolic blood pressure (73.1+2.8, 65.48+1.5, p<0.01). Conclusion: Dipping tobacco a form of smokeless tobacco is equally harmful like any smoked tobacco in altering the cardiovascular autonomic function. Thereby the increase in smokeless tobacco users in India or any country is going to add up more to the mortality rate due to tobacco related diseases in near future as estimated by WHO. An immediate measure to stop the production, sale and use of these smokeless tobacco products could curb this menace. Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(3) 2014: 91-94 http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i3.9588

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Field Monitoring the Effects of Overnight Shift Work on Specialist Tactical Police Training with Heart Rate Variability Analysis

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147895 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7895

Author(s):

Colin Tomes ◽

Ben Schram ◽

Robin Orr

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Shift Work ◽

Emergency Response ◽

Police Training ◽

Heart Rate Variability Analysis ◽

Response Team ◽

Hrv Analysis ◽

And Performance ◽

Personnel Allocation

Police work exposes officers to high levels of stress. Special emergency response team (SERT) service exposes personnel to additional demands. Specifically, the circadian cycles of SERT operators are subject to disruption, resulting in decreased capacity to compensate in response to changing demands. Adaptive regulation loss can be measured through heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. While HRV Trends with health and performance indicators, few studies have assessed the effect of overnight shift work on HRV in specialist police. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects overnight shift work on HRV in specialist police. HRV was analysed in 11 SERT officers and a significant (p = 0.037) difference was found in pRR50 levels across the training day (percentage of R-R intervals varying by >50 ms) between those who were off-duty and those who were on duty the night prior. HRV may be a valuable metric for quantifying load holistically and can be incorporated into health and fitness monitoring and personnel allocation decision making.

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