Interparental Relationship Adjustment, Parenting, and Offspring’s Cigarette Smoking at the 10‐Year Follow‐up

Abstract Purpose Adolescents’ perceptions of parental norms may influence their substance use. The relationship between parental norms toward cigarette and alcohol use, and the use of illicit substances among their adolescent children is not sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze this relationship, including gender differences, using longitudinal data from a large population-based study. Methods The present study analyzed longitudinal data from 3171 12- to 14-year-old students in 7 European countries allocated to the control arm of the European Drug Addiction Prevention trial. The impact of parental permissiveness toward cigarettes and alcohol use reported by the students at baseline on illicit drug use at 6-month follow-up was analyzed through multilevel logistic regression models, stratified by gender. Whether adolescents’ own use of cigarette and alcohol mediated the association between parental norms and illicit drug use was tested through mediation models. Results Parental permissive norms toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use at baseline predicted adolescents’ illicit drug use at follow-up. The association was stronger among boys than among girls and was mediated by adolescents’ own cigarette and alcohol use. Conclusion Perceived parental permissiveness toward the use of legal drugs predicted adolescents’ use of illicit drugs, especially among boys. Parents should be made aware of the importance of norm setting, and supported in conveying clear messages of disapproval of all substances.

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Sex Difference in the Association between Electronic Cigarette Use and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking among U.S. Adolescents: Findings from the PATH Study Waves 1–4

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041695 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1695

Author(s):

Zongshuan Duan ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Jidong Huang

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Estimation Equations ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Prospective Association

E-cigarettes are the most-used tobacco products among U.S. adolescents. Emerging evidence suggests that adolescents using e-cigarettes are at elevated risk for initiating cigarette smoking. However, whether this risk may differ by sex remains unknown. This study analyzed data from Wave 1 to 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey. Generalized estimation equations (GEE) were performed to estimate the associations between baseline e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, mental health conditions, and other tobacco use. Effect modifications by sex were examined. Multivariate analyses showed that, among baseline never cigarette smokers, past-30-day e-cigarette use at baseline waves was significantly associated with past-30-day cigarette smoking at follow-up waves (aOR = 3.90, 95% CI: 2.51–6.08). This association was significantly stronger for boys (aOR = 6.17, 95% CI: 2.43–15.68) than for girls (aOR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.14–8.33). Additionally, using other tobacco products, older age, and having severe externalizing mental health problems at baseline were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of cigarette smoking at follow-up. The prospective association between e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking differs by sex among U.S. adolescents. Sex-specific tobacco control interventions may be warranted to curb the youth tobacco use epidemic.

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Mortality attributable to cigarette smoking in Taiwan: a 12-year follow-up study

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tc.7.2.141 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 141-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

K.-M. Liaw ◽

C.-J. Chen

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Follow Up Study

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Abstract P116: Trait Anger Increases Short-term and Long-term Risk for Recurrent CHD: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap116 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Janice E Williams ◽

Sharon B Wyatt ◽

Kathryn M Rose ◽

David J Couper ◽

Anna Kucharska-Newton

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Trait Anger ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Short Term ◽

Men And Women ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk ◽

Aric Study

Though several large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated the positive association of anger with coronary heart disease (CHD) onset, a dearth of population-based evidence exists regarding the relationship of anger to the clinical course of CHD among people with established disease. Trait anger is conceptualized as a stable personality trait and defined as the tendency to experience frequent and intense anger. Therefore, it is plausible that the effects of trait anger on CHD are long standing. We assessed the hypothesis that trait anger predicts short-term and long-term risk for recurrent CHD among middle-aged men and women. Participants were 611 black or white men and women, ages 48 - 67, who had a history of CHD at the second clinical examination (1990-1992) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. They were followed for the recurrence of CHD (myocardial infarction or fatal CHD) from 1990 through three different time intervals: 1995, 2003, and 2009 (maximum follow-up = 19.0 years). Trait anger (measured at Visit 2) was assessed using the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale, with scores categorized as high, moderate, and low. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race-center, educational level, waist-to-hip ratio, plasma LDL-and HDL-cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking status, and pack-years of cigarette smoking. After 3 - 5 years of follow-up, the risk for recurrent CHD among participants with high trait anger was more than twice that of their counterparts with low trait anger (2.24 [95% C.I: 1.14 to 4.40]). After 11 - 13 years, the risk was 80% greater (1.80 [95% C.I: 1.17 to 2.78]) and after 17 - 19 years, it was 70% greater (1.70 [95% C.I: 1.15 to 2.52]). The risk for recurrent CHD was strongest in the first time interval but remained strong and statistically significant through 19 years of follow-up. In conclusion, the experience of frequent and intense anger increases short-term and long-term risk for recurrent CHD in middle-aged men and women.

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Intellectual Impairment in Children of Women Who Smoke Cigarettes During Pregnancy

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.93.2.221 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 221-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David L. Olds ◽

Charles R. Henderson ◽

Robert Tatelbaum

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Maternal Cigarette Smoking ◽

Upstate New York ◽

Wide Range ◽

Neurodevelopmental Impairment ◽

The Relationship ◽

Additional Reason

Objective. To examine the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and children's intellectual functioning during the first 4 years of life. Design. Prospective follow-up of participants in a randomized trial of pregnancy and infancy nurse home visitation. Setting. Semirural community in Upstate New York. Participants. 400 families in which the mothers registered before the 30th week of pregnancy and had no previous live births. Eighty-five percent of the mothers were either teenagers (<19 years at registration), unmarried, or poor. Analysis limited to whites who comprised 89% of the sample. Main results. Children in the comparison group whose mothers smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy had Stanford-Binet scores at 3 and 4 years of age that were 4.35 (95% CI: 0.02, 8.68) points lower (after controlling for a wide range of variables) than their counterparts whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy. Conclusions. The results of this study add to the increasingly consistent evidence that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy poses a unique risk for neurodevelopmental impairment among children and provide an additional reason for pregnant women not to smoke cigarettes.

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The impact of smoking on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a meta-analysis

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease ◽

10.5588/ijtld.19.0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 170-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. Y. Wang ◽

R. A. Arrazola ◽

B. Mathema ◽

I. B. Ahluwalia ◽

S. R. Mase

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Loss To Follow Up ◽

Tb Treatment ◽

The Impact ◽

Culture Conversion

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking contributes to tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology. However, limited evidence exists on how smoking impacts TB treatment outcomes such as treatment loss to follow-up and culture conversion.METHODS: This meta-analysis assessed current evidence of the impact of active cigarette smoking on TB treatment outcomes. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for English-language articles published from database inception through 2017. Articles addressing active pulmonary TB and cigarette smoking were identified and data abstracted. Smokers were defined as those who smoked every day or some days at the time of interview/diagnosis. Non-smokers did not smoke at the time of interview/diagnosis. Unfavorable outcomes included any outcome other than cure or completion of TB treatment. Three different data sets were examined: 8 articles addressing unfavorable treatment outcomes, 9 analyzing only treatment loss to follow-up, and 5 addressing delayed smear or culture conversion. Studies that had <20 subjects or that addressed only populations with comorbidities were excluded.RESULTS: We identified 1030 studies; 21 studies fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Smokers had greater odds of unfavorable outcomes (pooled odds ratio [pOR] 1.23, 95%CI 1.14–1.33), delayed smear or culture conversion (pOR 1.55, 95%CI 1.04–2.07), and treatment loss to follow-up (pOR 1.35, 95%CI 1.21–1.50).CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking is associated with negative treatment results and delayed conversion to negative smear or culture, suggesting smoking is an important factor for consideration in TB elimination efforts.

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Influence of Warning Statements on Understanding of the Negative Health Consequences of Smoking

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 1805-1815 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jessica K Pepper ◽

Anh Nguyen Zarndt ◽

Matthew E Eggers ◽

James M Nonnemaker ◽

David B Portnoy

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Treatment Condition ◽

Public Understanding ◽

Health Warnings ◽

Health Consequences ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

New Information ◽

The Us ◽

Us Fda

Abstract Introduction Pursuant to the Tobacco Control Act (TCA), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is developing new cigarette health warnings to convey the negative health consequences of cigarette smoking. Aims and Methods This study assessed which of 15 revised warning statements (10 on topics similar to TCA statements and 5 on other topics) promoted greater understanding of cigarette smoking risks relative to TCA statements. In February 2018, adolescent and adult smokers and adolescents susceptible to smoking (n = 2505) completed an online experiment. Control condition participants viewed TCA statements; treatment condition participants viewed combinations of TCA and revised statements. Analyses compared revised statements to TCA statements on the same health topic or to randomly selected TCA statements if there were no statements on the same topic. Results Relative to TCA statements, 12 of 15 revised statements were more likely to be considered new information, and 12 resulted in more self-reported learning. Three revised statements made participants think more about health risks than TCA statements; the reverse was true for one revised statement. Participants rated most TCA and revised statements as moderately believable and informative. Seven revised statements were found to be less believable and factual, and one revised statement more believable and factual. Treatment condition participants correctly selected more smoking-related health conditions than control condition participants (13.79 versus 12.42 of 25). Conclusions Findings suggest that revised statements can promote greater understanding of cigarette smoking risks. Results informed FDA’s selection of warning text that was paired with images for testing in a follow-up study. Implications The US FDA may adjust the text of the cigarette warning statements provided in the TCA if the revised statements promote greater public understanding of the negative health consequences of cigarette smoking. Most of the revised warning statements tested were more likely to be considered new information and resulted in more self-reported learning compared with paired TCA statements, providing support for using revised statements as part of cigarette health warnings. These results informed the development of pictorial cigarette warnings by FDA that were tested in a follow-up study and included in a proposed rule.

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Impact of natural menopause on multiple sclerosis: a multicentre study

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2019-320587 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 90 (11) ◽

pp. 1201-1206 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Damiano Baroncini ◽

Pietro Osvaldo Annovazzi ◽

Nicola De Rossi ◽

Giulia Mallucci ◽

Valentina Torri Clerici ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Relapse Rate ◽

Disability Progression ◽

Natural Menopause ◽

Multicentre Cohort Study ◽

Disability Status ◽

Speed Up ◽

Multicentre Cohort

ObjectiveTo study the effect of natural menopause on multiple sclerosis clinical course.MethodsThis was an observational, retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Menopause onset was defined by the final menstrual period (FMP) beyond which no menses occurred for 12 months. We included multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with FMP occurred after 2005 and a recorded follow-up of at least 2 years pre-FMP and post-FMP. We excluded patients with primary progressive course, iatrogenic menopause and with other confounders that could mask menopause onset. We compared relapse-rate and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores pre-FMP and post-FMP, searching for possible interactions with age, disease duration, cigarette smoking and nulliparity status.Results148 patients were included (mean observation: 3.5 years pre-FMP and post-FMP). Most patients (92%) received disease-modifying therapies, mainly first-lines. After menopause the annualised relapse rate (ARR) significantly decreased (from 0.21±0.31 to 0.13± 0.24; p=0.005), while disability worsened (increase of mean 0.4 vs 0.2 points after menopause; p<0.001). Older age and long-lasting disease were associated with ARR reduction (p=0.013), but not with disability worsening. Cigarette smokers showed a trend to a higher disability accumulation after menopause (p=0.059).ConclusionNatural menopause seems to be a turning point to a more progressive phase of MS. Relapse rate is also reduced after menopause, but this effect could be driven most by ageing and shifting to progressive phase in patients with long-lasting disease. Cigarette smoking could speed up disability progression after menopause.

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Effect of smoking cessation with varenicline on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

N Ioakeimidis ◽

C Georgakopoulos ◽

E Emmanouil ◽

I Dima ◽

E Solomou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Smoking Cessation ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Self Report ◽

Time Interval ◽

Smoking Abstinence ◽

Diagnosis Of Hypertension

Abstract Purpose The interaction between smoking and blood pressure (BP) is complex. Despite the strong association between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, there is paucity about the effect of pharmacotherapies for treating tobacco dependence on BP in already established arterial hypertension. Varenicline has been shown to be an effective and well-tolerated pharmaceutical intervention for smoking cessation. Aim of the study was to investigate the improvement in BP control in smokers with a diagnosis of hypertension who quit or reduced substantially their tobacco consumption by using varenicline and the association of nicotine dependence with BP changes. Methods A total of 89 (mean age:48±7, 52 males) regular smokers (28±9 pack-years) with a diagnosis of hypertension and on anti-hypertensive drugs were studied. All patients received low-intensity counseling and pharmacotherapy with varenicline (1 mg twice daily) for 12 weeks. Point prevalence smoking abstinence was defined by self-report of complete abstinence in the 7 days before the 12 week clinic visit (end of therapy). Office BP was measured at baseline and each follow-up visit (4 and 12 weeks) office BP. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used for assessing nicotine dependence. High nicotine dependence (ND) was defined as a FTND score ≥6. Results At 12 weeks, 60 (67%) patients were abstinent from smoking and 14 (16%) were non-abstainers who reduced daily consumption to 50% of baseline. The mean time interval between the initiation of treatment with varenicline and smoking abstinence was 1.8±0.6 weeks. There were not significant differences in age, baseline BP level, severity of nicotine dependence and total cigarette consumption (pack-years) between the two groups. Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) decreased significantly in abstainers (by 7.2 and 5.5 mmHg at 12 weeks, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) while the decrease in BP level in non-abstainers was minimal. Among patients with sustained tobacco abstinence, 18 were highly ND and 42 had mild and moderate ND. The two ND groups had similar age and BP levels at baseline. Changes in SBP and DBP from baseline in smokers with arterial hypertension between the two ND groups are illustrated in Figure. The observed reductions in SBP and DBP were significant (P<0.05, both for SBP and DBP) when comparing the high ND group to the mild/moderate ND group at 12 weeks. No severe adverse reactions were reported with varenicline use throughout the entire follow-up duration. Conclusion Varenicline may help smokers with arterial hypertension under antihypertensive therapy to remain abstinent from tobacco cigarette smoking. A novel and important message of this study is also the substantial improvements in office SBP and DBP in highly nicotine dependent sustained tobacco abstainers. ND-BP changes after varenicline therapy Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

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Differential Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Prognosis in Women and Men Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Angiology ◽

10.1177/0003319719889276 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 281-287

Author(s):

Li Xia Yang ◽

Zhi Jian Wang ◽

Dong Mei Shi ◽

Meng Chai ◽

Lin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Coronary Intervention ◽

Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽

Target Vessel Revascularization ◽

Percutaneous Coronary ◽

Artery Disease

We sought to compare the effects of smoking on clinical outcomes in women and men with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We prospectively followed up 10 369 patients undergoing elective PCI. All patients were stratified according to smoking status and sex. The impacts of smoking on long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs, the composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization) were assessed. Among 7773 men and 2596 women undergoing PCI, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was 66.7% (n = 5185) and 11.0% (n = 286; P < .001). During the 3 years of follow-up (median: 20.6 months), smoking increased MACE in both men and women (men 10.8% vs 8.1%, P < .001; women 23.2% vs 6.4%; P < .001). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, smoking had a greater effect on MACE in women (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86-7.28; P < .001) compared with men (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03-1.77; P = .005, interaction P = .026). There was a lower prevalence of smoking in women compared to men among patients undergoing PCI. However, smoking confers a higher excess risk for MACE among women compared with men.

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