Climate warming extends growing season but not reproductive phase of terrestrial plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 950-960
Author(s):  
Huiying Liu ◽  
Chunyan Lu ◽  
Songdan Wang ◽  
Fei Ren ◽  
Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Reproductive Phase

CHANGES IN THE HYDROTHERMAL COEFFICIENT AND IN THE FREQUENCY OF EXTREME HUMIDIFICATION CONDITIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS DURING CLIMATE WARMING

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Yuliya A. Brovka ◽  
Ivan V. Buyakov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Spatial Change ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Heat And Moisture

It is important to study the heat and moisture supply of the territory under climate warming conditions in Belarus since 1989, as well as changes in the occurrence frequency of extreme moisture conditions. The features of the spatial change in the averaged hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) for the period of climate warming (1989–2019) and the colder period preceding it (1960–1988) in the months of the growing season were revealed based on the maps constructed by interpolation. A decrease in the aridity of conditions in May and September in the southeast and east of the country, an increase in aridity in June and August (especially in the southern regions), an increase in the area with excessive moisture in July and its decrease in September were defined. The article shows the features of changes in the frequency of droughts (HTC ≤ 0,7), less arid conditions (HTC = 0,71–1,0) and excessive moisture (HTC > 1,6) from May to September in 1989–2019, according to compared with the period 1960–1988. It was found that during the period of climate warming from May to September, there is a significant increase in the droughts frequency at meteorological stations in various regions of Belarus. A decrease in the number of years with drought in May and June is observed at several eastern and southern meteorological stations, in August – at the Zhitkovichi meteorological station, in September – at the Kostyukovichi meteorological station. The frequency of arid conditions in May, July and September decreases at many meteorological stations, and its changes are characterized by territorial heterogeneity. An increase in the number of years with less arid conditions is observed in most of Belarus in June and August. A significant increase in the frequency of excessive moisture was noted in July in most of the territory of Belarus, in May – in some regions. A decrease in the frequency of excessive moisture is observed at many meteorological stations in June and August; the number of years with excessive moisture increases only in the northern region. Spatial heterogeneity and less pronounced changes in the frequency of excessive moisture are noted in September.

The contribution of pod numbers to field pea (Pisum sativum L.) yields in a short growing-season environment

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ French
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Short Growing Season

Field pea yields in three sowing-time experiments in 1985, and two experiments in 1986, were split into the following components: pods m-2, seeds pod-1 and average seed size. In both years pods m-2 was the component most strongly correlated with yield, but the others were also positively correlated with yield. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that pods m-2 contributed more than the other components to the site and sowing-time main effects in both years. Seeds pod-1 made no contribution in either year, but average seed size contributed to the site main effect in 1985 and to the sowing time and cultivar main effects in 1986. These results identify pods m-2 as the most responsive component to environmental effects on field pea yield. Pods m-2 was split into stems m-2 and pods stem-1, or into the rate of pod formation and the duration of pod formation. Variation in both stems m-2 and pods stem-1 contributed to differences in pods m-2 in the 1986 experiments. In a comparison of two Derrimut pea crops grown at Merredin in 1984 and 1985, the duration of pod formation and the rate of pod formation both varied. Variation in the rate of pod formation was due to differences in stems m-2 rather than in rates of pod formation stem-1. Pods formed early in the reproductive phase contributed much more to total seed yield than those formed later. This was due to later-formed pods containing fewer seeds and being more likely than early-formed pods to abscise before reaching maturity. The proportion of total seed yield carried on the first three reproductive nodes varied from 64.3% to 94.2%. This proportion was higher in harsher environments. It is suggested that in short growing-season environments increased pod formation rates are desirable to allow compression of the pod formation period, so that fewer pods will be formed late in the reproductive phase when the environment is most limiting.

Climate warming and biomass accumulation of terrestrial plants: a meta-analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delu Lin ◽  
Jianyang Xia ◽  
Shiqiang Wan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Terrestrial Plants

scholarly journals Contribution of the nongrowing season to annual N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the continuous permafrost region in Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifeng Gao ◽  
Dawen Gao ◽  
Liquan Song ◽  
Houcai Sheng ◽  
Tijiu Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Permafrost Region ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Permafrost Regions

Abstract. Permafrost regions store large amounts of soil organic carbon and nitrogen, which are major sources of greenhouse gas. With climate warming, permafrost regions are thawing, releasing an abundance of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and contributing to climate warming. Numerous studies have shown the mechanism of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the permafrost region during the growing season. However, little is known about the temporal pattern and drivers of nongrowing season N2O emissions from the permafrost region. In this study, N2O emissions from the permafrost region were investigated from June 2016 to June 2018 using the static opaque chamber method. Our aims were to quantify the seasonal dynamics of nongrowing season N2O emissions and its contribution to the annual budget. The results showed that the N2O emissions ranged from −35.75 to 74.16 μg·m−2·h−1 during the nongrowing season in the permafrost region. The mean N2O emission from the growing season were 1.75–2.86 times greater than that of winter and 1.31–1.53 times greater than that of spring thaw period due to the mean soil temperature of the different specified periods. The nongrowing season N2O emissions ranged from 0.89 to 1.44 kg ha−1, which contributed to 41.96–53.73 % of the annual budget, accounting for almost half of the annual emissions in the permafrost region. The driving factors of N2O emissions were different among during the study period, growing season, and nongrowing season. The N2O emissions from total two-year observation period and nongrowing season were mainly affected by soil temperature, while the N2O emissions from growing season were controlled by soil temperature, water table level, and their interactions. In conclusion, nongrowing season N2O emissions is an important component of annual emissions and cannot be ignored in the permafrost region.

scholarly journals Changes in Community Composition Induced by Experimental Warming in an Alpine Meadow: Beyond Plant Functional Type

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Hu ◽  
Wenlong Zhou ◽  
Xiaonuo Li ◽  
Karl J. Niklas ◽  
Shucun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Alpine Meadow ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Functional Type ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Induced Changes

Climate warming exerts profound effects on plant community composition. However, responses to climate warming are often reported at the community and functional type levels, but not at the species level. To test whether warming-induced changes are consistent among community, functional type, and species levels, we examined the warming-induced changes at different levels in an alpine meadow from 2015 to 2018. The warming was achieved by deploying six (open top) chambers [including three non-warmed chambers and three warmed chambers; 15 × 15 × 2.5 m (height) for each] that resulted in a small increase in mean annual temperature (0.3–0.5°C, varying with years) with a higher increase during the non-growing season (0.4–0.6°C) than in the growing season (0.03–0.47°C). The results show that warming increased plant aboveground biomass but did not change species richness, or Shannon diversity and evenness at the community level. At the functional type level, warming increased the relative abundance of grasses from 3 to 16%, but decreased the relative abundance of forbs from 89 to 79%; relative abundances of sedges and legumes were unchanged. However, for a given functional type, warming could result in contrasting effects on the relative abundance among species, e.g., the abundances of the forb species Geranium pylzowianum, Potentilla anserine, Euphrasia pectinate, and the sedge species Carex atrofusca increased in the warmed (compared to the non-warmed) chambers. More importantly, the difference in species identity between warmed and non-warmed chambers revealed warming-induced species loss. Specifically, four forb species were lost in both types of chambers, one additional forb species (Angelica apaensis) was lost in the non-warmed chambers, and two additional species (one forb species Saussurea stella and one sedge species Blysmus sinocompressus) were lost in the warmed chambers. Consequently, changes at the species level could not be deduced from the results at the community or functional type levels. These data indicate that species-level responses to climate changes must be more intensively studied. This work also highlights the importance of examining species identity (and not only species number) to study changes of community composition in response to climate warming.

scholarly journals Climate Warming Changed the Planting Boundaries of Varieties of Summer Corn with Different Maturity Levels in the North China Plain

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2605-2615
Author(s):  
Qi Hu ◽  
Xueqing Ma ◽  
Xuebiao Pan ◽  
Huang Binxiang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
The North China Plain

AbstractClimate warming in the North China Plain (NCP) is expected to greatly affect corn production. On the basis of a comprehensive consideration of the double-cropping system, we investigated the impacts of climate warming in the past 55 years on the planting boundaries and areas of varieties of summer corn with different maturity levels. In addition, we tried to explore the probable reasons for the changes in planting boundaries. Climate warming caused a northward shift in the planting boundaries of summer corn, resulting in the expansion of the total planting area. However, the trend for the planting area of each belt of corn maturity was not always consistent. Because of the advanced planting date and delayed physiological maturation date, the growing season of corn in the NCP has been prolonged in the past 55 years. Climate warming also increased the active accumulated temperature with a threshold of 10° (AAT10) during the corn growing season by 73.2°C decade−1, which was mainly caused by the increase in the number of days with a daily temperature over 10°C. In summary, the planting boundaries of varieties of summer corn with different maturity levels have greatly changed due to climate change, and corn production in the NCP could benefit from climate warming through the greater planting area and longer growing season.

Climate warming does not adequately translate to increased radial stem growth of coniferous species along the Alpine treeline ecotone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Oberhuber ◽  
Ursula Bendler ◽  
Vanessa Gamper ◽  
Jacob Geier ◽  
Anna Hölzl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Stone Pine ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Swiss Stone Pine ◽  
Competition For Resources

&lt;p&gt;It is well established, that tree growth at high elevations is mainly limited by low temperature during the growing season and climate warming was frequently found to lead to more growth and expansion of trees into alpine tundra. However, dendroclimatological studies revealed contradictory growth response to recent climate warming at the upper elevational limit of tree growth, and transplant experiments unveiled that high elevation tree provenances are not adequately benefiting from higher temperatures when planted at lower elevation. We therefore re-evaluated growth response of trees to recent climate warming by developing tree ring series of co-occurring conifers (Swiss stone pine (&lt;em&gt;Pinus cembra&lt;/em&gt;), European larch (&lt;em&gt;Larix decidua&lt;/em&gt;), and Norway spruce (&lt;em&gt;Picea abies&lt;/em&gt;)) along several altitudinal transects stretching from the subalpine zone to the krummholz-limit (1630&amp;#8211;2290 m asl; n=503 trees) in the Central European Alps (CEA). We evaluated whether trends in basal area increment (BAI) are in line with two phases of climate warming which occurred from 1915&amp;#8211;1953 and from mid-1970s until 2015. We expected that BAI of all species shows an increasing trend consistent with distinct climate warming during the study period (1915&amp;#8211;2015) amounting to &gt;2 &amp;#176;C. Although enhanced tree growth was detected in all species in response to climate warming, results revealed that at subalpine sites (&lt;em&gt;i&lt;/em&gt;) intensified climate warming since mid-1970s did not lead to corresponding increase in BAI, and (&lt;em&gt;ii&lt;/em&gt;) increase in summer temperature primarily favored growth of Norway spruce, although Swiss stone pine dominates at high altitude in the CEA and therefore was expected to mainly benefit from climate warming. At treeline BAI increase was above the determined age trend in all species, whereas at the krummholz-limit only deciduous larch showed minor growth increase. We explain missing adequate growth response to recent climate warming (&lt;em&gt;i&lt;/em&gt;) by strengthened competition for resources (primarily nutrients and light) in increasingly denser stands at subalpine sites leading to changes in carbon allocation among tree organs, and (&lt;em&gt;ii&lt;/em&gt;) by frost desiccation injuries of evergreen tree species at the krummholz-limit. Our findings indicate that tree growth response to climate warming at high elevation is possibly nonlinear, and that increasing competition for resources and the influence of climate factors beyond the growing season impair stem growth.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Response and adaptation of soybean systems to climate warming in Northeast China: insights gained from long-term field trials

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 876 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Zheng ◽  
L. D. Chen ◽  
X. Z. Han
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Term Field

Developing and assessing successful strategies to alleviate adverse impact of climate warming presents a new opportunity for sustainable agriculture and adaptation investment. Efforts to anticipate adaptation of cropping systems may benefit from understanding the global warming effects within decades. This study quantitatively examines the temperature warming impacts during, respectively, growing season and seed filling on soybean yields by using data from long-term field fertilisation experiments from 1987 to 2004. Here we report that grain yields significantly decreased with rising temperature during growing season, whereas the effects of increasing temperature at seed-filling stage on crop yields were significantly positive. The results indicate that a further temperature increment during seed filling appears to decrease soybean system’s risk of yield reduction. Importantly, we inferred that earlier occurrence of seed filling would increase the temperature of this period. The implication is that advancing the onset of soybean seed filling could be an effective adaptation option to global warming, providing an average yield benefit of ~14% per 10 days before the present date.

scholarly journals Warming and Dimming: Interactive Impacts on Potential Summer Maize Yield in North China Plain

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Hu ◽  
Xueqing Ma ◽  
Huayun He ◽  
Feifei Pan ◽  
Qijin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
The Past ◽  
Study Results

Global warming and dimming/brightening have significant implications for crop systems and exhibit regional variations. It is important to clarify the changes in regional thermal and solar radiation resources and estimate the impacts on potential crop production spatially and temporally. Based on daily observation data during 1961–2015 in the North China Plain (NCP), the impacts of climate change associated with climate warming and global dimming/brightening on potential light–temperature productivity (PTP) of summer maize were assessed in this study. Results show that the NCP experienced a continuous warming and dimming trend in maize growing season during the past 55 years, and both ATT10 and solar radiation had an abrupt change in the mid-1990s. The period of 2000–2015 was warmer and dimmer than any other previous decade. Assuming the maize growing season remains unchanged, climate warming would increase PTP of summer maize by 4.6% over the period of 1961–2015, which mainly occurred in the start grain filling–maturity stage. On the other hand, as negative contribution value of solar radiation to the PTP was found in each stage, dimming would offset the increase of PTP due to warming climate, and lead to a 15.6% reduction in PTP in the past 55 years. This study reveals that the changes in thermal and solar radiation have reduced the PTP of summer maize in the NCP. However, the actual maize yield could benefit more from climate warming because solar radiation is not a limiting factor for the current low production level.

scholarly journals Variation in Water Supply Leads to Different Responses of Tree Growth to Warming

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Zheng ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
Xinxiao Yu ◽  
Guodong Jia ◽  
Ziqiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Sinks ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Global climate change, which includes changes in precipitation, prolonged growing seasons, and drought stress caused by overall climate warming, is putting increased pressure on forest ecosystems globally. Understanding the impact of climate change on drought-prone forests is a key objective in assessing forest responses to climate change.Results: In this study, we assessed tree growth trends and changes in physiological activity under climate change based on patterns in tree rings and stable isotopes. Additionally, structural equation models were used to analyze the climate drivers influencing tree growth, with several key results. (1) The climate in the study area showed a trend of warming and drying, with the growth of tree section areas decreasing first and then increasing, while the water use efficiency showed a steady increase. (2) The effects of climate warming on tree growth in the study area have transitioned from negative to positive. The gradual advance of the growing season and the supply of snowmelt water in the early critical period of the growing season are the key factors underlying the reversal of the sensitivity of trees to climate. (3) Variation in water supply has led to different responses of tree growth to warming, and the growth response of Pinus tabuliformis to temperature rise was closely related to increased water availability.Conclusions: Our study indicates that warming is not the cause of forest decline, and instead, drought caused by warming is the main factor causing this change. If adequate water is available during critical periods of the growing season, boreal forests may be better able to withstand rising temperatures and even exhibit increased growth during periods of rising temperatures, forming stronger carbon sinks. However, in semi-arid regions, where water supply is limited, continued warming could lead to reduced forest growth and even death, which would dramatically reduce carbon sinks in arid ecosystems.

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