Latitudinal differentiated water table control of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from hydromorphic soils: feedbacks to climate change

Abstract Pig slurry is classified as a natural liquid fertilizer, which is a heterogeneous mixture of urine, faeces, remnants of feed and technological water, used to remove excrement and maintain the hygiene of livestock housing. The storage and distribution of pig slurry on farmland affect the environment as they are associated with, among others, the emission of various types of gaseous pollutants, mainly CH4, CO2, N2O, NH3, H2S, and other odorants. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are greenhouse gases (GHGs) which contribute to climate change by increasing the greenhouse effect. Ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are malodorous gases responsible for the occurrence of odour nuisance which, due to their toxicity, may endanger the health and lives of humans and animals. NH3 also influences the increase of atmosphere and soil acidification. The article presents the environmental impact of greenhouse gases and odorous compounds emitted from pig slurry. Key gaseous atmospheric pollutants such as NH3, H2S, CH4, CO2 and N2O have been characterized. Furthermore, methods to reduce the emission of odours and GHGs from pig slurry during its storage and agricultural usage have been discussed.

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The Threats to Food Security

Food for All in Africa ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501743887.003.0004 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 61-84

Author(s):

Gordon Conway ◽

Ousmane Badiane ◽

Katrin Glatzel

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Food Security ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Rural Livelihoods ◽

Farm Household ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change ◽

Socioeconomic Challenges

This chapter explores threats to food security. It reveals many challenges arising from a range of threats external to the farm household, including severe biological threats from pests, disease, and weeds. Moreover, healthy, fertile soils are the cornerstone of food security and rural livelihoods, but African soils are degrading. Water is just as important for the productivity of plants, and lack of water leads to chronic and acute stress. Indeed, Africa is already battling the impacts of climate change. Rising temperatures and variable rainfall are increasing the exposure of smallholders to drought, famine, and disease. Agriculture is an important emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs), not only carbon dioxide but also such powerful gases as methane and nitrous oxide. In addition, there are often severe socioeconomic challenges, including unstable and high prices of basic commodities. Finally, conflicts cause disruption to food security.

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Balancing the competing needs of climate change, biodiversity and rural communities

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s175275620003088x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 249-249

Author(s):

H Prosser

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Land Use ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Energy Use ◽

New Technology ◽

The Uk

The work of the UK Climate Change Commission (UKCCC) in recommending targets and options for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases is focusing attention on what agriculture and land use can contribute to deliver these targets. Although overall the major issue is the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from energy use, agriculture and land use are significant emitters of methane and nitrous oxide. UKCCC has identified three main routes by which emissions can be reduced• Lifestyle change with less reliance on carbon intensive produce -eg switching from sheep, and beef to pig, poultry and vegetables.• Changing farm practices – eg to improve use of fertilisers and manures• Using new technology on farms – eg modifying rumen processes, anaerobic digestion.

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Analysis and Monitoring atmospheric gases in a high performing and versatile isotope ratio instrument

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15608 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sam Barker ◽

Phil Hackett ◽

Will Price ◽

Kathrin Rosenthal

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Mass Spectrometer ◽

Isotope Ratio ◽

High Performance ◽

Atmospheric Gases ◽

High Performing ◽

Elemental Cycling ◽

New Generation

Biogenic gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are regularly analysed in many environments to understand elemental cycling and processes through the ecosphere. They are also of interest to atmospheric chemists for their role in climate change. &#160;The Isoprime Tracegas has been key to a large amount of studies providing data on the isotopes of these key dynamic molecules. We shall review some of the notable publications and modifications in the field of atmospheric gas monitoring.The development of the isoprime precisION mass spectrometer has permitted a new generation of control and automation of the mass spectrometer and integrated peripherals. This has greatly improved the accessibility and versatility of the instruments as a whole.Taking advantage of the inherent benefits of the isoprime precisION the iso FLOW GHG has been developed for high performance analysis of CO2, N2O and CH4 and has the capacity to be rapidly customised for specific needs with options for N2 and N2O, Hydrogen isotopes in CH4 and denitrifier analysis.

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Carbon dioxide flux and net primary production of a boreal treed bog: Responses to warming and water-table-lowering simulations of climate change

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-12-1091-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1091-1111 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

T. M. Munir ◽

M. Perkins ◽

E. Kaing ◽

M. Strack

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Primary Production ◽

Water Level ◽

Water Table ◽

Forest Floor ◽

Net Primary Production ◽

Control Site ◽

Co2 Uptake ◽

Experimental Site

Abstract. Midlatitude treed bogs represent significant carbon (C) stocks and are highly sensitive to global climate change. In a dry continental treed bog, we compared three sites: control, recent (1–3 years; experimental) and older drained (10–13 years), with water levels at 38, 74 and 120 cm below the surface, respectively. At each site we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and estimated tree root respiration (Rr; across hummock–hollow microtopography of the forest floor) and net primary production (NPP) of trees during the growing seasons (May to October) of 2011–2013. The CO2–C balance was calculated by adding the net CO2 exchange of the forest floor (NEff-Rr) to the NPP of the trees. From cooler and wetter 2011 to the driest and the warmest 2013, the control site was a CO2–C sink of 92, 70 and 76 g m−2, the experimental site was a CO2–C source of 14, 57 and 135 g m−2, and the drained site was a progressively smaller source of 26, 23 and 13 g CO2–C m−2. The short-term drainage at the experimental site resulted in small changes in vegetation coverage and large net CO2 emissions at the microforms. In contrast, the longer-term drainage and deeper water level at the drained site resulted in the replacement of mosses with vascular plants (shrubs) on the hummocks and lichen in the hollows leading to the highest CO2 uptake at the drained hummocks and significant losses in the hollows. The tree NPP (including above- and below-ground growth and litter fall) in 2011 and 2012 was significantly higher at the drained site (92 and 83 g C m−2) than at the experimental (58 and 55 g C m−2) and control (52 and 46 g C m−2) sites. We also quantified the impact of climatic warming at all water table treatments by equipping additional plots with open-top chambers (OTCs) that caused a passive warming on average of ~ 1 °C and differential air warming of ~ 6 °C at midday full sun over the study years. Warming significantly enhanced shrub growth and the CO2 sink function of the drained hummocks (exceeding the cumulative respiration losses in hollows induced by the lowered water level × warming). There was an interaction of water level with warming across hummocks that resulted in the largest net CO2 uptake at the warmed drained hummocks. Thus in 2013, the warming treatment enhanced the sink function of the control site by 13 g m−2, reduced the source function of the experimental by 10 g m−2 and significantly enhanced the sink function of the drained site by 73 g m−2. Therefore, drying and warming in continental bogs is expected to initially accelerate CO2–C losses via ecosystem respiration, but persistent drought and warming is expected to restore the peatland's original CO2–C sink function as a result of the shifts in vegetation composition and productivity between the microforms and increased NPP of trees over time.

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Methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions from two Amazonian Reservoirs during high water table

SIL Proceedings 1922-2010 ◽

10.1080/03680770.2001.11902620 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 438-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. B. T. Lima ◽

R. L. Victoria ◽

E. M. L. M. Novo ◽

B. J. Feigl ◽

M. V. R. Ballester ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Water Table ◽

High Water ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

High Water Table ◽

Methane Carbon

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An Exploration of Common Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the Cyanobiont of the Azolla–Nostoc Symbiosis and Clues as to Nod Factors in Cyanobacteria

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8120587 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 587 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dilantha Gunawardana

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Calvin Cycle ◽

Carbon Assimilation ◽

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽

C3 Plants ◽

Floating Macrophytes

Azolla is a genus of aquatic ferns that engages in a unique symbiosis with a cyanobiont that is resistant to cultivation. Azolla spp. are earmarked as a possible candidate to mitigate greenhouse gases, in particular, carbon dioxide. That opinion is underlined here in this paper to show the broader impact of Azolla spp. on greenhouse gas mitigation by revealing the enzyme catalogue in the Nostoc cyanobiont to be a poor contributor to climate change. First, regarding carbon assimilation, it was inferred that the carboxylation activity of the Rubisco enzyme of Azolla plants is able to quench carbon dioxide on par with other C3 plants and fellow aquatic free-floating macrophytes, with the cyanobiont contributing on average ~18% of the carboxylation load. Additionally, the author demonstrates here, using bioinformatics and past literature, that the Nostoc cyanobiont of Azolla does not contain nitric oxide reductase, a key enzyme that emanates nitrous oxide. In fact, all Nostoc species, both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic, are deficient in nitric oxide reductases. Furthermore, the Azolla cyanobiont is negative for methanogenic enzymes that use coenzyme conjugates to emit methane. With the absence of nitrous oxide and methane release, and the potential ability to convert ambient nitrous oxide into nitrogen gas, it is safe to say that the Azolla cyanobiont has a myriad of features that are poor contributors to climate change, which on top of carbon dioxide quenching by the Calvin cycle in Azolla plants, makes it an efficient holistic candidate to be developed as a force for climate change mitigation, especially in irrigated urea-fed rice fields. The author also shows that Nostoc cyanobionts are theoretically capable of Nod factor synthesis, similar to Rhizobia and some Frankia species, which is a new horizon to explore in the future.

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CARBON TRADING AND CARBON CREDITS HELP IN CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM SOLVING

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3224 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (9SE) ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Diwakar Singh Tomar

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Environmental Problem ◽

Carbon Trading ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

Change Problem

Climate change remains the most burning environmental problem at the present time. Green houses are the most responsible for climate change. Green house gases include gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone. Carbon dioxide is the most dangerous in this. The more developed the country, the greater its participation in carbon emissions.According to a report by the World Resource Institute, India, despite being the fourth largest carbon emitting nation in the world, is far behind the top three carbon emission nations in per capita carbon emissions.Top 05 nations producing greenhouse gas emissions वर्तमान समय में जलवायु परिवर्तन सबसे ज्वलंत पर्यावरणीय समस्या बनी हुई है। जलवायु परिवर्तन के लिए सबसे अधिक जिम्मेदार ग्रीन हाऊस गैसें है। ग्रीन हाऊस गैसों के अन्तर्गत कार्बनडाई आक्साइड, मिथेन, नाइट्रस आक्साइड, ओजोन जैसी गैसें आती हैं। इसमें कार्बनडाईआक्साइड सबसे खतरनाक है। जो देष जितना ज्यादा विकसित है कार्बन उत्सर्जन में उसकी भागीदारी उतनी ही ज्यादा है।वल्र्ड रिसोर्सेृज इंस्टीट्यूट की एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार भारत विष्व में चैथा सबसे बड़ा कार्बन उत्सर्जक राष्ट्र होने के बाबजूद प्रतिव्यक्ति कार्बन उत्सर्जन में भारत ष्षीर्ष तीन कार्बन उत्सर्जन राष्ट्रों से काफी पीछे है।ग्रीन हाऊस गैस उत्सर्जन करने वाली शीर्ष 05 राष्ट्र

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Carbon Dioxide and Methane Flux Response and Recovery From Drought in a Hemiboreal Ombrotrophic Fen

Frontiers in Earth Science ◽

10.3389/feart.2020.562401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

J. B Keane ◽

S. Toet ◽

P. Ineson ◽

P. Weslien ◽

J. E. Stockdale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Water Table ◽

Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽

Open Water ◽

Calluna Vulgaris ◽

Methane Flux ◽

High Water ◽

Peat Bogs ◽

Flux Response

Globally peatlands store 500 Gt carbon (C), with northern blanket bogs accumulating 23 g C m−2 y−1 due to cool wet conditions. As a sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) peat bogs slow anthropogenic climate change, but warming climate increases the likelihood of drought which may reduce net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and increase soil respiration, tipping C sinks to sources. High water tables make bogs a globally important source of methane (CH4), another greenhouse gas (GHG) with a global warming potential (GWP) 34 times that of CO2. Warming may increase CH4 emissions, but drying may cause a reduction. Predicted species composition changes may also influence GHG balance, due to different traits such as erenchyma, e.g., Eriophorum vaginatum (eriophorum) and non-aerenchymatous species, e.g., Calluna vulgaris (heather). To understand how these ecosystems will respond to climate change, it is vital to measure GHG responses to drought at the species level. An automated chamber system, SkyLine2D, measured NEE and CH4 fluxes near-continuously from an ombrotrophic fen from August 2017 to September 2019. Four ecotypes were identified: sphagnum (Sphagnum spp), eriophorum, heather and water, hypothesizing that fluxes would significantly differ between ecotypes. The 2018 drought allowed comparison of fluxes between drought and non-drought years (May to September), and their recovery the following year. Methane emissions differed between ecotypes (p < 0.02), ordered high to low: eriophorum > sphagnum > water > heather, ranging from 23 to 8 mg CH4-C m−2 d−1. Daily NEE was similar between ecotypes (p > 0.7), but under 2018 drought conditions all ecotypes were greater sources of CO2 compared to 2019, losing 1.14 g and 0.24 g CO2-C m−2 d−1 respectively (p < 0.001). CH4 emissions were ca. 40% higher during 2018 than 2019, 17 mg compared to 12 mg CH4-C m−2 d−1 (p < 0.0001), and fluxes exhibited hysteresis with water table depth. A lag of 84–88 days was observed between rising water table and increased CH4 emissions. A significant interaction between ecotype and year showed fluxes from open water did not return to pre-drought levels. Our findings suggest that short-term drought may lead to a net increase in C emissions from northern wetlands.

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Silicone v1.0.0: an open-source Python package for inferring missing emissions data for climate change research

10.5194/gmd-2020-138 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robin D. Lamboll ◽

Zebedee R. J. Nicholls ◽

Jarmo S. Kikstra ◽

Malte Meinshausen ◽

Joeri Rogelj

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Open Source ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Anthropogenic Emissions ◽

Climate Change Research ◽

Python Package

Abstract. Integrated assessment models (IAMs) project future anthropogenic emissions for input into climate models. However, the full list of climate-relevant emissions is lengthy and most IAMs do not model all of them. Here we present silicone, an open-source Python package which infers anthropogenic emissions of missing species based on other known emissions. For example, it can infer nitrous oxide emissions in one scenario based on carbon dioxide emissions from that scenario plus the relationship between nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions in other scenarios. This broadens the range of IAMs available for exploring projections of future climate change. Silicone forms part of the open-source pipeline for assessments of the climate implications of IAMs by the IAM consortium (IAMC). A variety of infilling options are outlined and their suitability for different cases are discussed. The code and notebooks explaining details of the package and how to use it are available from the GitHub repository, https://github.com/GranthamImperial/silicone. There is an additional repository showing uses of the code to complement existing research at https://github.com/GranthamImperial/silicone_examples.

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