Premature infants in car seats: effect of sleep state on breathing

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
GILA HERTZ ◽  
RENU AGGARWAL ◽  
WARREN N. ROSENFELD ◽  
JOSEPH GREENSHER
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Car Seats

Premature Infants in Car Seats

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-339
Author(s):  
Marilyn J. Bull ◽  
Karen Bruner Stroup
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Minimum Weight ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infant ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Car Safety ◽  
Good Support

Advancements in health care have made it possible for many premature infants weighing less than 2.2 kg (5 lb) to be discharged from the hospital. Medical professionals, however, have no information available from which to make recommendations on which child safety seats are most appropriate for safely transporting the low-birth-weight infant. Current federal safety standards do not specify the minimum weight of an infant for which a seat is appropriate. The suitability of various types of infant car safety seats for premature infants was documented by placing 2.0-kg (4 lb 8 oz) babies in a representative sample of seat models. Ease and ability of the seat to fit the size of the infant and allow for proper positioning of the baby was noted. Each seat was measured from the seat back to crotch strap and shoulder strap to seat bottom to provide a basis for comparison of various seat models. Convertible seats with seat back to crotch strap height of 14 cm (5½ in) or less provided relatively good support for the infant. Seats with longer seat back to crotch strap distances allowed the infant to slouch. Seats with lap pads or shields were uniformly unacceptable.

scholarly journals Sleep State Organization in Premature Infants of Less Than 35 Weeks' Gestational Age

1993 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 624-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Curzi-Dascalova ◽  
J M Figueroa ◽  
M Eiselt ◽  
E Christova ◽  
A Virassamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
State Organization

W1729 Volume Dependent Recruitment of Adaptive Esophageal Peristaltic and Upper Esophageal Sphincter Contractile Reflexes Is Preserved in Sleep State in Healthy Premature Infants

2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. A-726
Author(s):  
Alankar Gupta ◽  
Vanessa N. Parks ◽  
Mansen Wang ◽  
Samuel Dzodzomenyo ◽  
Soledad A. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter

Regulation of end-expiratory lung volume during sleep in premature infants

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 1117-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Stark ◽  
B. A. Cohlan ◽  
T. B. Waggener ◽  
I. D. Frantz ◽  
P. C. Kosch
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
Variable Extent ◽  
Expiratory Flow

To investigate the regulation of end-expiratory lung volume (EEV) in premature infants, we recorded airflow, tidal volume, diaphragm electromyogram (EMG), and chest wall displacement during sleep. In quiet sleep, EEV during breathing was 10.8 +/- 3.6 (SD) ml greater than the minimum volume reached during unobstructed apneas. In active sleep, no decrease in EEV was observed during 28 of 35 unobstructed apneas. Breaths during quiet sleep had a variable extent of expiratory airflow retardation (braking), and inspiratory interruption occurred at substantial expiratory flow rates. During active sleep, the expiratory flow-volume curve was nearly linear, proceeding nearly to the volume axis at zero flow, and diaphragm EMG activity terminated near the peak of mechanical inspiration. Expiratory duration (TE) and inspiratory duration (TI) were significantly shortened in quiet sleep vs. active sleep although tidal volume was not significantly different. In quiet sleep, diaphragmatic braking activity and shortened TE combined to maintain EEV during breathing substantially above relaxation volume. In active sleep, reduced expiratory braking and prolongation of TE resulted in an EEV that was close to relaxation volume. We conclude that breathing strategy to regulateEEV in premature infants appears to be strongly influenced by sleep state.

Car Seat Safety: Literature Review

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Testing Equipment ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Automotive Crashes

After staggering numbers of infants were killed in automotive crashes in the 1970s, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended in 1974 universal use of car seats for all infants. However, positional problems were reported when car seats are used with premature infants less than 37 weeks gestational age as a result of head slouching and its sequelae. In 1990, the AAP responded with another policy statement introducing car seat testing. It recommended that any infant at or under 37 weeks gestational age be observed in a car seat prior to discharge from the hospital. The AAP did not give specific guidelines on type of car seat, length of testing, equipment, or personnel proficiency, however. Few nurseries have standard policies to evaluate car seats, to teach parents about car seats, or to position newborns in them, and not all hospitals actually conduct car seat challenges or have common standards for testing that is performed.

Risk of hypoventilation in premature infants in car seats

1986 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne D. Willett ◽  
M. Patricia Leuschen ◽  
Linda S. Nelson ◽  
Robert M. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Car Seats

Safe Transportation of Premature Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-122
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Minimum Weight ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Respiratory Compromise ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Seating Devices

Increasing survival rates and earlier hospital discharge of premature infants have resulted in babies weighing less than 2500 g being transported frequently in the family car. Provision for safe motor vehicle transportation of this vulnerable population of infants is a major concern of parents and health professionals. The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn believe that specific guidelines should be followed to ensure proper selection and use of car seats and other occupant restraint devices for low-weight infants. Currently, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213, which established design and dynamic performance requirements for child restraint systems, applies to children weighing up to 50 lb, but no minimum weight limit is established in the standard. Most safety restrains on the market are designed for infants weighing more than 7 lb (3.1 kg), and only recently have studies been done which allow some prediction of the protective capabilities of restraint devices for infants weighing less than 7 lb.1,2 Initial research has indicated that some infants, particularly premature, low-weight infants, may be subject to oxygen desaturation when placed in an upright position in car safety seats.3,4 Both rate of growth and neurologic maturation may influence potential risk of respiratory compromise in these and other seating devices. Further investigations will be necessary to precisely define the population at risk and the variety of situations in which risk occurs. Proper positioning of small infants in car seats is important to minimize the risk of respiratory compromise while providing protection for the infant in the event of a crash or sudden stop.

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