The Relationship between Social Behavior and the Use of Space in the Benthic Fish Chasmodes bosquianus Lacèpéde (Teleostei, Blenniidae)

AbstractI. The purpose of this study was to determine whether male blennies are attracted to or repulsed by neighboring prior residents. In a previous study of prior residency, I found that the newcomer often was physically attacked and chased. This obscured the question of whether the newcomer initially was attracted to the resident. In the present study, the two animals were separated by a transparent, perforated barrier so that physical contact was impossible. The newcomer could choose between approaching the resident and utilizing the enclosure within his view or withdrawing and using an enclosure out of sight of the resident. 2. A second variable, that of the effect of prior social experience, was also tested. The newcomers were separated into two classes depending on whether they dominated or were subordinate in previous social encounters. The effects of these two variables were separated by means of a 2 X 2 factorial design. Four measures of approach/ withdrawal to the prior resident and three measures of enclosure choice were employed. 3. Those newcomers that had dominated in previous encounters approached the prior resident. They did not demonstrate a preference for either of the enclosures during the observation period (30 minutes). A measure covering a longer period did reveal a preference for the enclosure near the resident. 4. The subordinate fish neither approached nor avoided the resident. They did use the enclosure farther away from the prior resident more than they used the other enclosure, hower.

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The Mediation Effect of Pro-social Behavior and Defending Behavior in the Relationship between Sense of Peer Community and Overt Aggression in Elementary School Students

Korean Educational Research Association ◽

10.30916/kera.58.4.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

ji woong Kwon ◽

jong hyo Park

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Social Behavior ◽

Elementary School Students ◽

Mediation Effect ◽

Overt Aggression ◽

School Students ◽

Peer Community ◽

The Relationship ◽

Pro Social Behavior

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Considering Others’ Mental States Causally Increases Feelings of Social Bonding and Information Sharing

10.31234/osf.io/nw43x ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elisa Baek ◽

Diana Tamir ◽

Emily B. Falk

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Information Sharing ◽

Mental States ◽

Social Bonding ◽

Health News ◽

Brain Behavior ◽

The Relationship ◽

Share Information ◽

Shed Light ◽

Mentalizing System

Information sharing is a ubiquitous social behavior. What causes people to share? Mentalizing, or considering the mental states of other people, has been theorized to play a central role in information sharing, with higher activity in the brain’s mentalizing system associated with increased likelihood to share information. In line with this theory, we present novel evidence that mentalizing causally increases information sharing. In three pre-registered studies (n = 400, 840, and 3500 participants), participants who were instructed to consider the mental states of potential information receivers indicated higher likelihood to share health news compared to a control condition where they were asked to reflect on the content of the article. Certain kinds of mentalizing were particularly effective; in particular, considering receivers’ emotional and positive mental states, led to the greatest increase in likelihood to share. The relationship between mentalizing and sharing was mediated by feelings of closeness with potential receivers. Mentalizing increased feelings of connectedness to potential receivers, and in turn, increased likelihood of information sharing. Considering receivers’ emotional, positive, and inward-focused mental states was most effective at driving participants to feel closer with potential receivers and increase sharing. Data provide evidence for a causal relationship between mentalizing and information sharing and provide insight about the mechanism linking mentalizing and sharing. Taken together, these results advance theories of information sharing and shed light on previously observed brain-behavior relationships.

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Oxytocin-Based Health Information Priming Does Not Impact Categorization of Others into Social Groups

10.31234/osf.io/tuqnk ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Miranda Lynn Groft ◽

Nathan Pistory ◽

Rachel Hardy ◽

Peter Joseph McLaughlin

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Pupil Dilation ◽

Popular Media ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

News Stories ◽

Written Information ◽

Race Politics ◽

Politics And Religion ◽

The Relationship ◽

Lay Public

With the proliferation of neuroscience-related messages in popular media, it is more important than ever to understand their impact on the lay public. Previous research has found that people believed news stories more when irrelevant neuroscientific explanations were added. We sought to reveal whether such information could cause a change in social behavior. Specifically, based on publicized findings of the relationship between social behavior and the neurotransmitter oxytocin, we proposed that participants would accept more strangers into their in-group, or alternatively decrease in-group size, if told that there were oxytocin-based (relative to psychological construct-based) health benefits for doing so. In two tasks, participants were shown faces and written information about stimuli that could match their race, politics, and religion to varying degrees. In spite of evidence that participants processed the primes, and were sensitive to their level of similarity with stimuli, oxytocin-based priming did not alter categorization, or pupil dilation. It did not alter cross-race viewing behavior, as measured by an eye tracker, in consistent ways. Unexpectedly, pupil dilation increased when viewing stimuli of the same religion, an effect entirely related to White liberal Christians viewing other Christians. Overall, these results suggest that neuroscience information may impact some judgments, but lay people will not alter their likelihood of acceptance of strangers simply because they were primed with a neuroscience- (or more specifically, neurotransmitter-) based reason for doing so.

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Parasites and promiscuity: Acute disease salience leads to more restricted sexual attitudes

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships ◽

10.1177/02654075211030999 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026540752110309

Author(s):

James B. Moran ◽

Nicholas Kerry ◽

Jin X. Goh ◽

Damian R. Murray

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Sexual Attitudes ◽

Experimental Manipulation ◽

Sexual Relationships ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Acute Disease ◽

Short Term ◽

Attitudes And Behaviors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Sexual Promiscuity

How does disease threat influence sexual attitudes and behaviors? Although research on the influence of disease threat on social behavior has grown considerably, the relationship between perceived disease threat and sexual attitudes remains unclear. The current preregistered study (analyzed N = 510), investigated how experimental reminders of disease threat influence attitudes and anticipated future behaviors pertaining to short-term sexual relationships, using an ecologically valid disease prime. The central preregistered prediction was that experimental manipulation of disease threat would lead to less favorable attitudes and inclinations toward sexual promiscuity. Results were consistent with this preregistered prediction, relative to both a neutral control condition and a non-disease threat condition. These experimental results were buttressed by the finding that dispositional variation in worry about disease threat predicted less favorable attitudes and inclinations toward short-term sexual relationships. This study represents the first preregistered investigation of the implications of acute disease threat for sexual attitudes.

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Use of space as an indicator of social behavior and breeding systems in the gymnotiform electric fish Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus

Environmental Biology of Fishes ◽

10.1007/s10641-008-9358-2 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 379-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Manuela Miranda ◽

Ana C. Silva ◽

Philip K. Stoddard

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Electric Fish ◽

Breeding Systems ◽

Use Of Space ◽

Brachyhypopomus Pinnicaudatus

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Social Cognition in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Idiopathic Developmental Neuropsychiatric Disorders

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17764/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rhideeta Jalal ◽

Aarti Nair ◽

Amy Lin ◽

Ariel Eckfeld ◽

Leila Kushan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Social Behavior ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽

Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽

Intellectual Functioning ◽

Deletion Syndrome ◽

Neurocognitive Deficits ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common recurrent neurogenetic condition associated with elevated risk for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders and intellectual disability. Children and adults with 22q11DS often exhibit marked social impairment as well as neurocognitive deficits, and have elevated rates of both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and psychosis. However, the relationship between the basic processes of social cognition and cognitive ability has not been well studied in 22q11DS. Here, we examined differences in social cognition in 22q11DS, relative to multiple groups of idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorders, and typically developing healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we examined differences in intellectual functioning and its relationship to social cognitive abilities. Finally, we examined the relationship between social cognitive abilities and real-world social behavior. Methods: We examined social cognition and intellectual functioning in 273 participants (mean age = 17.74+/-5.18% female = 44.3%): 50 with 22q11DS, 49 youth with first episode psychosis (FEP), 48 at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis, 24 participants with ASD, and 102 HC. Social cognition was assessed using The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), while reciprocal social behavior was assessed via parent/caregiver ratings on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Participants were also administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2 nd edition (WASI-II) to assess intellectual functioning. Results: The 22q11DS group exhibited significantly lower social cognitive abilities compared to all other groups, even after controlling for intellectual functioning. Significant positive correlations were found between social cognition, as measured by the TASIT, and IQ across groups. In contrast, no significant relationships were found between TASIT and real-world social behavior (SRS) for any group. Conclusions: Our findings indicate social cognitive deficits are more prominent in 22q11DS than idiopathic neuropsychiatric conditions across the age range, even after adjusting for global intellectual function. These results contribute to our understanding of the intellectual and social vulnerabilities of 22q11DS in comparison to idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings of robust associations between intellectual ability and social cognition emphasizes the importance of accounting for neurocognitive deficits in social skills interventions and tailoring these existing treatment models for 22q11DS and other populations with intellectual impairment.

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Social Cognition in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Idiopathic Developmental Neuropsychiatric Disorders

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17764/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rhideeta Jalal ◽

Aarti Nair ◽

Amy Lin ◽

Ariel Eckfeld ◽

Leila Kushan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Social Behavior ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽

Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽

Intellectual Functioning ◽

Deletion Syndrome ◽

Neurocognitive Deficits ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common recurrent neurogenetic condition associated with elevated risk for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders and intellectual disability. Children and adults with 22q11DS often exhibit marked social impairment as well as neurocognitive deficits, and have elevated rates of both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and psychosis. However, the relationship between the basic processes of social cognition and cognitive ability has not been well studied in 22q11DS. Here, we examined differences in social cognition in 22q11DS, relative to multiple groups of idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorders, and typically developing healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we examined differences in intellectual functioning and its relationship to social cognitive abilities. Finally, we examined the relationship between social cognitive abilities and real-world social behavior. Methods We examined social cognition and intellectual functioning in 306 participants (mean age = 16.63+/-4.59; % female = 44.8%): sixty-eight with 22q11DS, 49 youth with first episode psychosis (FEP), 48 at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis, 24 participants with ASD, and 117 HC. Social cognition was assessed using The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), while reciprocal social behavior was assessed via parent/caregiver ratings on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Participants were also administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2 nd edition (WASI-II) to assess intellectual functioning. Results The 22q11DS group exhibited significantly lower social cognitive abilities compared to all other groups, even after controlling for intellectual functioning. Significant positive correlations were found between social cognition, as measured by the TASIT, and IQ across groups. In contrast, no significant relationships were found between TASIT and real-world social behavior (SRS) for any group. Conclusions Our findings indicate social cognitive deficits are more prominent in 22q11DS than idiopathic neuropsychiatric conditions across the age range, even after adjusting for global intellectual function. These results contribute to our understanding of the intellectual and social vulnerabilities of 22q11DS in comparison to idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings of robust associations between intellectual ability and social cognition emphasizes the importance of accounting for neurocognitive deficits in social skills interventions and tailoring these existing treatment models for 22q11DS and other populations with intellectual impairment.

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Social behavior of musk deer during the mating season potentially influences the diversity of their gut microbiome

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10860 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e10860

Author(s):

Jianmei Li ◽

Wei Luo ◽

Yudong Zhu ◽

Qinlong Dai ◽

Guoqi Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Social Group ◽

Social Contact ◽

Musk Deer ◽

Mating Season ◽

Large Cage ◽

Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽

The Social ◽

The Relationship

An increasing body of research has revealed that social behavior shapes the animal gut microbiome community and leads to the similarity among the same social group. However, some additional factors (e.g., diet and habitat within each social group) may also contribute to this similarity within the social group and dissimilarity between social groups. Here, we investigated the potential correlation between social behavior and the gut microbiome community in 179 musk deer from four breeding regions in the Maerkang Captive Center, Sichuan. The dominant gut microbiome phyla in the musk deer in this study were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. We found significant effects on the alpha and beta diversity of the gut microbiome due to the breeding regions. The similarity within breeding regions was higher than that between the breeding regions. Due to their solitary lifestyle, captive musk deer are raised in single cages with no direct social contact most of the time. Deer in all of the breeding regions have the same diet and similar living conditions. However, during each mating season from November to January, in each region, one adult male and about six adult females will be put together into a large cage. Social behavior happens during cohabitation, including mating behavior, grooming within the same sex or between different sexes, and other social contact. Therefore, we speculated that high similarity within the breeding region might be associated with the social behavior during the mating season. This was a simple and straightforward example of the relationship between animal social behavior and the gut microbiome.

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