On Social Aspects of the Usage of Guide-Dogs and Long-Canes

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomo Deshen ◽  
Hilda Deshen
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Blind People ◽  
Social Stratum ◽  
Guide Dogs ◽  
Mobility Aids ◽  
Natural Element ◽  
Material Artifacts ◽  
Made In

The paper argues that discredit pertains not only to individuals, but also to the implements of aid that discredited persons use to overcome their situation. Focusing on the mobility aids of blind people, the paper demonstrates that as a consequence of the diffusion of discredit, the users of guide-dogs and long-canes mould their usage practices in particular ways. Namely, according to norms which the users conceive to be unobjectionable to sighted people. Thus cane-users considered the sound that their canes emitted to be embarassing, and tried to avoid causing it. Also guide-dog usage was inhibited as a result of traditional Middle-Eastern attitudes towards dogs. In concluding, the ambiguity of blind people toward their mobility aids is juxtaposed with their accepting attitude toward television sets in their homes. The latter are conceived by blind people as a natural element of the material culture of the sighted environment. Consequently, even blind people for whom television sets are manifestly unsuited introduce them into their lives. This leads to the conclusion that material artifacts are conceptualized in society generally, according to practices that are attuned to the dominant social stratum. The data are drawn from observations made in the course of ethnographic field-work in a population of blind people in Israel.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Goldschmidt ◽  
Barbara Graziosi
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Site ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Significance ◽  
Classical Poetry ◽  
Life Of The Mind ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Made In

The Introduction sheds light on the reception of classical poetry by focusing on the materiality of the poets’ bodies and their tombs. It outlines four sets of issues, or commonplaces, that govern the organization of the entire volume. The first concerns the opposition between literature and material culture, the life of the mind vs the apprehensions of the body—which fails to acknowledge that poetry emerges from and is attended to by the mortal body. The second concerns the religious significance of the tomb and its location in a mythical landscape which is shaped, in part, by poetry. The third investigates the literary graveyard as a place where poets’ bodies and poetic corpora are collected. Finally, the alleged ‘tomb of Virgil’ provides a specific site where the major claims made in this volume can be most easily be tested.

scholarly journals Willows Used for Phytoremediation Increased Organic Contaminant Concentrations in Soil Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2979
Author(s):  
Maxime Fortin Faubert ◽  
Dominic Desjardins ◽  
Mohamed Hijri ◽  
Michel Labrecque
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Hydrology ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Made In

The Salix genus includes shrub species that are widely used in phytoremediation and various other phytotechnologies due to their advantageous characteristics, such as a high evapotranspiration (ET) rate, in particular when cultivated in short rotation intensive culture (SRIC). Observations made in past field studies suggest that ET and its impact on soil hydrology can also lead to increases in soil pollutant concentrations near shrubs. To investigate this, sections of a mature willow plantation (seven years old) were cut to eliminate transpiration (Cut treatment). Soil concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), aliphatic compounds C10–C50, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) were compared between the Cut and the uncut plots (Salix miyabeana ‘SX61’). Over 24 months, the results clearly show that removal of the willow shrubs limited the contaminants’ increase in the soil surface, as observed for C10–C50 and of 10 PAHs under the Salix treatment. This finding strongly reinforces a hypothesis that SRIC of willows may facilitate the migration of contaminants towards their roots, thus increasing their concentration in the surrounding soil. Such a “pumping effect” in a high-density willow crop is a prominent characteristic specific to field studies that can lead to counterintuitive results. Although apparent increases of contaminant concentrations contradict the purification benefits usually pursued in phytoremediation, the possibility of active phytoextraction and rhizodegradation is not excluded. Moreover, increases of pollutant concentrations under shrubs following migration suggest that decreases would consequently occur at the source points. Some reflections on interpreting field work results are provided.

The Ancient Cart-tracks of Malta

Antiquity ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 28 (110) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Gracie
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Far North ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Made In

The barren hill-tops of Malta are scored in many places by ancient ruts cut deeply into the rock. They can be seen also on the slopes and on the lower plains, but less frequently because these areas are normally under agricultural soil. They always occur in pairs from 52 to 58 inches apart and were quite clearly used by vehicles. They have been discussed in print for 300 years but no agreement has been reached on how, when or why they were made or what vehicles used them. In fact, there are as many theories as there are authors. Of these writers only Captain E. G. Fenton and Professor Sir T. Zammit appear to have done any serious field work, and none has published a map. The present writer, therefore, decided to attempt the laborious task of plotting them, making such other observations and measurements as he could. Zammit, in the paper cited, reproduced some excellent photographs from both the ground and the air, to which the reader is referred.Time did not permit an examination of the whole island and few observations were made in the low-lying south-eastern part. A fairly intensive survey was made of the high ground as far north as the Baida Ridge, which joins the northern shores of Ghain Tuffieha Bay and St. Paul’s Bay. Two portions of the map are reproduced here. Where there are a number of parallel tracks in close proximity they are shown on the map as one on account of the necessarily small scale used. The gaps in the routes are mainly due to cultivated patches, and no attempt has been made to bridge them by conjecture.

scholarly journals Appropriateness and appropriation: examining Modernist couture connections to Edwardian lingerie and boudoir clothing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Zygowski
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Practitioner Research ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Female Agency ◽  
Design Exploration ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Cultural Commodification ◽  
Cultural Requirements ◽  
Material Artifacts ◽  
Research Show

This research explores material artifacts of Edwardian lingerie and Modernist couture through their cultural and material connections. Material culture theories of communication and production were used to examine garment artifacts from both Eras, while a conceptual framework provided a space to develop material outcomes and knowledge based upon research. Key findings from the research show that the cultural commodification of the female body, increased female agency and the fragmentation of social structures resulted in the development of specialized garments uniquely suited to the cultural requirements of the Modernist Era. Cultural producers continually adapted design practices and transformed dress signifiers of value in a cycle of appropriation and transformation. In addition, the appropriation of labour intensive Edwardian Era Lingerie techniques by Modernist couture houses supported the development of exclusive commodities whose design process was key to preventing devaluation through counterfeiting. Ultimately, a collection of garments resulted from a design exploration of these techniques, using action and practitioner research.

Archaeology in New China

Antiquity ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 37 (147) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsia Nai
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Considerable Success ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
Economic Construction ◽  
Abundant Data ◽  
Made In

Archaeology as a branch of historical science has made new headway in the thirteen years since the founding of the Chinese People's Republic. The scale of its work has expanded and methods of research have been improved. Large numbers of young archaeological workers have been trained. In the course of the nation's gigantic economic construction, remains of ancient settlements and tombs have been uncovered in many places, yielding numerous important relics which have provided abundant data for archaeological research. Throughout the country, hosts of archaeological workers from research institutes, universities, museums and institutions for the preservation of ancient monuments are carrying out both field work and academic study and have already attained considerable success in their efforts to explore the history of ancient China on the basis of archaeological finds. All this has given further impetus to the advance of Chinese archaeology.Archaeological finds made in New China are so rich that the present article can attempt to discuss only some of the most important problems.

Archaeology, Theory, and War-Related Violence

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helle Vandkilde
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Late Discovery ◽  
Discursive Field ◽  
Made In

Warfare may be understood as violent social encounter with the Other, and has in this sense occurred from the first hominid societies until today. Ample evidence of war-related violence exists across time and space: skeletal traumata, material culture, weapons, war-related ritual finds, fighting technologies, fortifications, and martial iconographies. The archaeology of war is a late ‘discovery’ of the mid 1990s, but advances have recently been made in understanding the scale and roles of warfare in pre- and protohistory and how warfare and warriorhood relate to society, culture, evolution and human biology. This chapter ventures into this discursive field from a theoretical and archaeological point of view while reflecting upon the effectiveness and role of war as a prime mover in history. It is argued that war was often present but never truly endemic, and that war essentially is a matter of culture.

Archaeology and Material Culture of Moab and the Moabites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Porter
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Subsistence Economies ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
Second Millennium Bce ◽  
Landscape Survey ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence ◽  
The 19Th Century

Moab was both a culture area and an Iron Age kingdom located in the west-central half of the modern Middle Eastern country of Jordan. Moab is mentioned frequently in the Hebrew Bible and was often in contact with its Israelite neighbors. Scholars have used the biblical text to reconstruct Moab’s history and society despite the original authors’ and editors’ skewed perspectives on the kingdom. Moab has been the subject of archaeological research since the latter third of the 19th century. Landscape surveys have identified many large and small settlements across the region while excavations at key settlements have documented public and private architecture, and recovered art and epigraphic evidence. This research has been reported over many decades in archaeological and landscape survey reports, and the evidence has been frequently summarized in scholarly syntheses. Moab’s development occurred in three phases. During the Iron I period, a collection of small settlements was founded at the end of the second millennium bce. These semi-autonomous settlements organized their household and communal agro-pastoral subsistence economies at local levels. The point at which these settlements began to be integrated into a political polity likely occurred in the late 10th or early 9th century, the beginning of the Iron II period. The Mesha Inscription, a royal inscription of one of Moab’s earlier kings, describes how he increased his territory, established a new capital and cult center at Dhiban, and incorporated new populations within an expanded kingdom. The Mesopotamian empire of Assyria began to intervene in Moab’s and its neighbors’ affairs starting in the mid-8th century, commencing the Iron III period. Soon after, Moab’s agro-pastoralist economy and textile industries intensified, a change likely brought on by producers responding to new international markets and Assyria’s demand for taxes and tribute. Currently, very little is known about Moab in the final centuries of the Iron Age, the 6th through 4th centuries bce. Permanent settlement activity decreased during these centuries, possibly due to a combination of population deportations and the return to semi-sedentary and nomadic settlement practices. Readers should note that transliterations of ancient and Arabic place names have shifted over the course of modern scholarship. Some titles may preserve older variants that contrast with the now updated versions.

Race in Global Perspective

Sociology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora Vergara-Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

Race and racism are key analytical constructs that express fundamental issues not only of power and inequality, but also of justice, democracy, equity, and emancipation. The study of race in the social sciences is an established, dynamic, multidisciplinary, and international field. Work began at the end of the 19th century. To study race with a global perspective, it is necessary to have a transdisciplinary view to read critically the phenomena that intersect with this variable. This field includes contributions from sociology, history, philosophy, legal studies, anthropology, cultural studies, political science, epidemiology, and journalism, among others. Several declarations have been made in recent years about the alleged end of racism or the end of a race-coded era. However, even though they are not new, every time they resurge these doxas underline new regimes of truth, reconfigure racisms, and strength inequality. The vast literature produced by scholars in this field provides evidence of how race is based on narratives created to enslave, subordinate, exploit, and exclude millions of human beings across the globe.

Tourism as a cultural phenomenon: morphological aspect

10.12737/6571 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Марина Соколова ◽  
Marina Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Human Habitat ◽  
Religious Tourism ◽  
Equipment Transport ◽  
Made In

The article considers tourism as a cultural phenomenon in its morphological aspects. Examines manifestations of tourism in the material and spiritual forms of culture. When lighting the contribution of tourism to the material culture the attention is drawn to all the main areas of its production and technological activities: agriculture, buildings, equipment, transport, communications and technology. Agritourism is provided as a multi-example. Spiritual form of culture within the tourism perspective is revealed primarily through the category of «knowledge.» On concrete examples explores how tourism af ects its acquisition and accumulation. At the same time takes into account all the essential areas of knowledge: practical, scientif c, religious, gaming and mythological. It’s shown how tourism is implemented in the main tasks of the culture, such as the creation of artif cial habitat and transmission of cultural inheritance. It is proved that tourism is an incentive for the development and creation of many new features that form artif cial (cultural) human habitat. Sending the same social inheritance is the most evidently made in the cultural, educational and religious tourism. Much attention is paid to the functions of culture, which f nd their refraction in tourism: epistemological, regulatory, adaptive, semiotic and axiological. But the most complete disclosure of the work is the communicative function. Its example examines the role of tourism in cross-cultural communication. Expanding the types of culture, correlating with the main areas of public life, it is indicated how a tourist, who faces manifestations of dif erent culture can change his mental and behavioral paradigms. In process of levels of culture analysis (vital, specialized and full cultures) it’s revealed that specialized level tourism but mostly empathic levels of culture act as a powerful factor in the humanization of culture. Given the importance of tourism as a cultural phenomenon.

Transferring Technology Among Nations: A View of the Process in the Middle East

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Basques
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Made In

During the last 12 years, most Middle Eastern countries, particularly those focused upon in this study (Algeria, Egypt, prerevolutionary Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia), have placed increasing emphasis on improved health care. This emphasis has been reflected in both budgetary and public policy plans. The strides made in medical care during this period have been enormous, but much remains to be done. Some of the major health problems today involve diseases that have largely been conquered in industrialized countries, such as infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections, problems related to childbirth, and diarrheal disease. Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, which have become common in industrialized countries and to which much of the newer medical technology is addressed, are, by many accounts, far down on the list of health problems in the Middle East. Many Middle Eastern countries need comprehensive public health programs to help meet their goals.

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