scholarly journals Intestinal alkaline phosphatase at the crossroad of intestinal health and disease - a putative role in type 1 diabetes

2017 ◽  
Vol 281 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Lassenius ◽  
C. L. Fogarty ◽  
M. Blaut ◽  
K. Haimila ◽  
L. Riittinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Putative Role ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals A summary of feed additives, intestinal health and intestinal alkaline phosphatase in piglet nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 281-294
Author(s):  
Jansller Genova ◽  
Antonio Melo ◽  
Paulo Rupolo ◽  
Silvana Carvalho ◽  
Leandro Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase

Weaning is considered the “critical window” in the piglet’s life because it is associated with several stress factors, such as loss of contact with the mother and original litter, solid diet, environmental and structural changes, and the establishment of a new hierarchy. During this abrupt period, several events such as reduced feed intake, high morbidity, susceptibility to enteric infections and post-weaning diarrhoea are observed. The nutritional landscape of the piglet gut is modified, which can compromise the maturity of the gastrointestinal system, the stable intestinal microbiome and the active immunity developed as an indicator of intestinal health. However, with increased awareness of feed safety issues and the development of drug-resistant bacteria, the interest in producing pigs without the use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) is increasing, since long-term use and therapeutic doses of AGP can contribute to the reduction of bacterial diversity and increase of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, the most widely researched alternatives include the use of feed additives, feeding strategies, nutraceuticals/functional foods and available handling that can reduce the risk of IBD beyond basic nutritional functions. Studies have reported intestinal alkaline phosphatase as a new nutritional therapy associated with intestinal health which may be a “key additive” in the AGP replacement. In this review article, the purpose is to show some current aspects of feed additive research, addressing a concept of the “intestinal health” from different points of view and properties of alkaline phosphatase.

scholarly journals Oral and Gut Microbial Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Landscape in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley O. Onyango ◽  
John Juma ◽  
Kim De Paepe ◽  
Tom Van de Wiele
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes ◽  
Health And Disease

Inter-individual variability in the microbial gene complement encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) can profoundly regulate how the host interacts with diverse carbohydrate sources thereby influencing host health. CAZy-typing, characterizing the microbiota-associated CAZyme-coding genes within a host individual, can be a useful tool to predict carbohydrate pools that the host can metabolize, or identify which CAZyme families are underrepresented requiring supplementation via microbiota transplantation or probiotics. CAZy-typing, moreover, provides a novel framework to search for disease biomarkers. As a proof of concept, we used publicly available metagenomes (935) representing 310 type strain bacterial genomes to establish the link between disease status and CAZymes in the oral and gut microbial ecosystem. The abundance and distribution of 220 recovered CAZyme families in saliva and stool samples from patients with colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes were compared with healthy subjects. Based on the multivariate discriminant analysis, the disease phenotype did not alter the CAZyme profile suggesting a functional conservation in carbohydrate metabolism in a disease state. When disease and healthy CAZyme profiles were contrasted in differential analysis, CAZyme markers that were underrepresented in type 1 diabetes (15), colorectal cancer (12), and rheumatoid arthritis (5) were identified. Of interest, are the glycosyltransferase which can catalyze the synthesis of glycoconjugates including lipopolysaccharides with the potential to trigger inflammation, a common feature in many diseases. Our analysis has also confirmed the expansive carbohydrate metabolism in the gut as evidenced by the overrepresentation of CAZyme families in the gut compared to the oral site. Nevertheless, each site exhibited specific CAZyme markers. Taken together, our analysis provides an insight into the CAZyme landscape in health and disease and has demonstrated the diversity in carbohydrate metabolism in host-microbiota which can be a sound basis for optimizing the selection of pre, pro, and syn-biotic candidate products.

Modelling the onset of Type 1 diabetes: can impaired macrophage phagocytosis make the difference between health and disease?

2006 ◽  
Vol 364 (1842) ◽  
pp. 1267-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasius F.M Marée ◽  
Richard Kublik ◽  
Diane T Finegood ◽  
Leah Edelstein-Keshet
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Parameter Values

A wave of apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs normally in pancreatic β-cells of newborn mice. We previously showed that macrophages from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice become activated more slowly and engulf apoptotic cells at a lower rate than macrophages from control (Balb/c) mice. It has been hypothesized that this low clearance could result in secondary necrosis, escalating inflammation and self-antigen presentation that later triggers autoimmune, Type 1 diabetes (T1D). We here investigate whether this hypothesis could offer a reasonable and parsimonious explanation for onset of T1D in NOD mice. We quantify variants of the Copenhagen model (Freiesleben De Blasio et al . 1999 Diabetes 48 , 1677), based on parameters from NOD and Balb/c experimental data. We show that the original Copenhagen model fails to explain observed phenomena within a reasonable range of parameter values, predicting an unrealistic all-or-none disease occurrence for both strains. However, if we take into account that, in general, activated macrophages produce harmful cytokines only when engulfing necrotic (but not apoptotic) cells, then the revised model becomes qualitatively and quantitatively reasonable. Further, we show that known differences between NOD and Balb/c mouse macrophage kinetics are large enough to account for the fact that an apoptotic wave can trigger escalating inflammatory response in NOD, but not Balb/c mice. In Balb/c mice, macrophages clear the apoptotic wave so efficiently, that chronic inflammation is prevented.

scholarly journals Type 1 Diabetes and Its Multi-Factorial Pathogenesis: The Putative Role of NK Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Marca ◽  
Elena Gianchecchi ◽  
Alessandra Fierabracci
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Putative Role

scholarly journals A Study of Bone Mineral Density and Its Determinants in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameya Joshi ◽  
Premlata Varthakavi ◽  
Manoj Chadha ◽  
Nikhil Bhagwat
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Mineral Density

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been inconsistently associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. 86 consecutive T1DM cases and 140 unrelated age and sex matched healthy nondiabetic controls were included in the study. After history and examination, BMD and body composition were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum samples were analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, albumin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, 25 (OH) vitamin D3, intact parathormone (PTH) levels (both cases and controls) and HbA1c, antimicrosomal and IgA tissue transglutaminase (IgA TTG) antibodies, cortisol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), tetraiodothyronine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) (cases only). T1DM cases had a lower BMD as compared to controls at both total body (TB) and lumbar spine (LS) (). Patients with celiac autoimmunity (CA) had significantly, lower BMD as compared to age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) matched T1DM controls. Linear regression analysis showed that low BMD in T1DM patients was associated with poor glycaemic control, lower IGF-1 levels, less physical activity (in total population as well as in male and female subgroups), and lower body fat percentage (in females) and higher alkaline phosphatase level (in males) ().

Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase as a Noninvasive Marker for Periodontal Disease in Children with Uncontrolled Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srirangarajan Sridharan ◽  
Paruchuri Sravani ◽  
Aparna Satyanarayan ◽  
K Kiran ◽  
Varun Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Probing Pocket Depth ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Objective: The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether salivary alkaline phosphatase levels can be a non invasive marker for early inflammatory periodontal disease in children with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus. Study design: 10 healthy children (group 1), 10 children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (group 2) and 10 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus for more than 4 years (group 3) were recruited for the study. All three groups were matched for age, gender and socioeconomic status. Periodontal health was assessed by plaque index, gingival index and probing pocket depth. Metabolic status was assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin levels, salivary alkaline phosphatase levels were determined by spectrophotometer. Data was analyzed by Kruskal Wallis ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation method. Results: Salivary alkaline phosphatase levels correlated significantly with the periodontal parameters in the diabetic group. An increase in salivary alkaline phosphatase levels increased with increased values of gingival index and probing pocket depth. Group 3 showed greater correlation than group 2 and group 1. At p value p<0.05. Conclusion: The glycemic status of the children affects the periodontal disease parameters. Salivary alkaline phosphatase levels could be a useful tool in analyzing periodontal status of children with uncontrolled type I diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Faecal biomarkers in type 1 diabetes with and without diabetic nephropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Signe Abitz Winther ◽  
Miia Maininki Mannerla ◽  
Marie Frimodt-Møller ◽  
Frederik Persson ◽  
Tine Willum Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Faecal Calprotectin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis

AbstractGastrointestinal dysbiosis is common among persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but its potential impact on diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains obscure. We examined whether faecal biomarkers, previously associated with low-grade gastrointestinal inflammation, differ between healthy controls and T1D subjects with and without DN. Faecal samples were analyzed for levels of calprotectin, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and immunoglobulins in subjects with T1D (n = 159) and healthy controls (NDC; n = 50). The subjects with T1D were stratified based on albuminuria: normoalbuminuria (< 30 mg/g; n = 49), microalbuminuria (30–299 mg/g; n = 50) and macroalbuminuria (≥ 300 mg/g; n = 60). aecal calprotectin, IAP and immunoglobulin levels did not differ between the T1D albuminuria groups. However, when subjects were stratified based on faecal calprotectin cut-off level (50 µg/g), macroalbuminuric T1D subjects exceeded the threshold more frequently than NDC (p = 0.02). Concentrations of faecal propionate and butyrate were lower in T1D subjects compared with NDC (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively). Among T1D subjects, levels of branched SCFA (BCFA) correlated positively with current albuminuria level (isobutyrate, p = 0.03; isovalerate, p = 0.005). In our study cohort, fatty acid metabolism seemed to be altered among T1D subjects and those with albuminuria compared to NDC. This may reflect gastrointestinal imbalances associated with T1D and renal complications.

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