scholarly journals Ronald R. Rindfuss and Minja Kim Choe (Eds.) Low and Lower Fertility: Variations across Developed Countries Springer, 2015. 196 p. $129.00; $122.55 (pbk).Ronald R. Rindfuss and Minja Kim Choe (Eds.) Low Fertility, Institutions, and their Policies: Variati

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
John Bongaarts
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Lower Fertility

scholarly journals SUATU PENDEKATAN ANALISIS MULTIVARIAT TENTANG TINGKAT KELAHIRAN PADA BEBERAPA KELOMPOK DAN ETNIS WANITA PERNAH KAWIN DI IRIAN JAYA

Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter J. Soumokil
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Women ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Lower Fertility

It has been argued by many demographers that socio economic development with its associated fundamental changes in the role of women and the value of children is the dominant factor in the transition from high to low fertility. Research in less developed countries has found lower fertility levels in urban population compared to rural population. It was therefore assumed that the modernizing role of urbanlife helped bring about a decline infertility levels.This study in Irian Jaya, however, convincingly shows that fertility of urban women in Irian Jaya is higher than that of rural women. This differential infertility in favour of urban women in Irian Jaya appears to be real and not a result of underreporting of total live births in rural areas.The reasons for lower fertility in the rural areas in IrianJaya remain unknown, and more research is therefore needed. However, this study strongly suggests that the traditional system of swidden agricultyure in Irian Jaya, which places a highvalue on the labour input of women, may play a major role in constraining fertility in rural area of this province. On the other hand, high fertility in urban areas takes place because urbanwomen have their first birth earlier thanwomen inthe rural areas.

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF LOW FERTILITY IN BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (S1) ◽  
pp. S131-S155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Cruz Castanheira ◽  
Hans-Peter Kohler
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Negatively Associated

SummaryAn increasing number of developing countries are experiencing below replacement fertility rates. Although the factors associated with low fertility in developed countries have been widely explored in the literature, studies of low fertility in middle- and low-income countries continue to be rare. To help fill this gap, Brazil was used as a case study to assess whether human development, gender equality and the ability of mothers with young children to work are associated with the likelihood of married or cohabiting women to have a child. For this purpose, multilevel logistic regressions were estimated using the 1991, 2000 and 2010 Brazilian Demographic Censuses. It was found that human development was negatively associated with fertility in the three periods analysed. Gender equality and the ability of mothers with young children to work were positively associated with the odds of having higher order births in Brazil in 2000 and 2010. In 1991, these variables were not associated with higher order births, and gender equality was negatively associated with first births. The positive association found in 2000 and 2010 may constitute a reversal of the relationship that in all likelihood prevailed earlier in the demographic transition when gender equality was most likely negatively correlated with fertility levels.

scholarly journals The Effect of Demographic Change on Financial Stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Asma' Rashidah Idris ◽  
Muzafar Shah Habibullah ◽  
Ranjanee Kaliappan
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the effect of fertility on financial stability and its determinant particularly therelevance of demographic changes. This is motivated by the huge impact of demographic changes(increasing ageing population and low fertility level). Population ageing and low fertility tend to lowerboth labour- force participation and saving rates (change bank business model), thereby raising concernson a future slowing economic growth and financial instability. The system GMM results show that thefertility level somehow acts as a buffer and reflects to the degree of stability to the financial system. Anincrease in fertility and old-age population will contribute to lowering the financial stability. As a matterof policy implication, the nations, financial sectors, and economies should take pro-active active stepsand enhance policies in handling the inter-related issue of the ageing population, decreasing fertility, andfinancial stability especially in developed countries, but not necessarily to overlook the impact of theissues in developing countries. Keywords: Demographic change, old-age population, fertility, financial stability

scholarly journals The breeding of 'Grasslands Muster' browntop and other low-fertility grasses for moist hill country

1990 ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
W. Rumball ◽  
R.B. Claydon
Keyword(s):  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Mowing Regime ◽  
Clover Content

Breeding projects have been carried out in each of five grass species already common in New Zealand moist hill country. Although the source of breeding material varied widely among the five species, the breeding goals in each were for improved amount and seasonal spread of productivity, persistence, disease resistance, palatability, uniform heading, and tolerance of white clover. The projects began around 1973 and were all completed by 1980. From 198 I-85, the selections were evaluated in small plots on sunny and shady slopes of hill country near Palmerston North. In all species except Yorkshire fog, the selections outyielded their respective commercial controls in the first l-2 years. In the two browntop species (Agrostis capillaris and A. castellana) this superiority continued through the trial, despite selective grazing pressure. In Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) and red fescue (Festuca rubra) the selections were more palatable but not as persistent as their controls after 5 years. In crested dogstail (Cynosurus cristatus) neither selection nor control persisted, and the mowing regime applied did not allow natural reseeding. In a further trial on lowland, all five selections except dryland browntop were confirmed as considerably more palatable than the controls, and most had more clover content. The best strategy would probably be to market these selections as a hill country/lower fertility seed package (with suitable clovers), so as to exclude less palatable components. Keywords hill country, breeding, browntop, Yorkshire fog, crested dogstail, red fescue, low fertility grasses

scholarly journals Does Money Matter? Childbearing Behaviour of Swedish Students in the 1980's and 1990's

2011 ◽  
pp. 5-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Thalberg
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Student Financial Aid ◽  
Earned Income ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Postponement

Education is considered to be one of the primary factors behind postponement of childbearing, as students have significantly lower fertility than non-students of the same age. The low fertility of students may have many different explanations. This study focus on the impact of economic and policy factors on the relationship between study enrolment and childbearing in Sweden. Using longitudinal data it is examined whether the student financial aid reform of 1989 had any effect on female students childbearing behaviour and whether female students relative childbearing propensi-ties change when controlling for their earned income. The results show that the reform had no noticeable impact on students childbearing behaviour. However, first birth risks for female students in all age groups are clearly related to earnings, indicating that the postponement of childbearing until completion of education is, to some degree, a matter of economic constraints.

Pasture cultivars in ecological perspective

1990 ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Ecological Strategies ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Preliminary Classification

An overview of the variety in New Zealand bred pasture cultivars is obtained by comparing the group against the variety that has developed in the whole spectrum of herbaceous plants during evolution. This was done by classifying each cultivar into one of seven different ecological groupings termed strategies. Each strategy grouping represents a different mature functional type; the seven groupings collectively cover the full range of mature plant types. This preliminary classification confirmed that there are different ecological strategies in our cultivar range but, as might be expected, they represent only a small part of the full range of ecological options. All cultivars are best suited to moderate grazing and high to medium fertility. The information obtained by viewing pasture cultivars in this wider context is used to predict that further breeding is needed to develop pasture cultivars for extreme situations and for use in mixtures. Stress tolerance associated with a rapid, contracted life-span appears to, be the best option for cultivars for dry or low-fertility pastures. It is also predicted that complex pasture mixtures are likely to be easier to maintain and of more value in lower fertility or moderately droughted pastures than in highly fertile pastures. Opportunities exist to develop additional cultivars suited to the different niches in these pastures. Amalgamation of knowledge from agricultural and non-agricultural research can clearly help solve agricultural problems and is an efficient use of science. Means should be sought to use information from both fields to look at finer-scale questions about cultivars. Keywords plant breeding, strategy theory, low fertility, drought, pasture mixtures, plant competition, niche differentiation, species diversity, science

Regional comparison on formation of Agro–Medico Polis and expansion of well-being

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (7) ◽  
pp. 53-55
Author(s):  
Koichi Ikegami
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emeritus Professor ◽  
Regional Comparison ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Practices

The global trend amongst developed countries is towards lower fertility and ageing societies. At the same time, people around the world are continuing to move away from rural areas and towards cities. As societies age, many countries will need to create effective ways to look after the needs of the new population. Emeritus Professor Koichi Ikegami, from the Faculty of Agriculture at Kindai University, Japan, has a keen interest in this field and is working to create an agro-medico-polis model, which links medical, care, food and agricultural sectors, for integrating an elderly society and sustainable agricultural practices.

Fertility, female labor participation and income in East Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Yoko Nakagaki
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Labor Participation ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fertility Recovery

PurposeThis study aims to apply two recently discovered relationships that describe fertility recovery in developed countries to East Asia: the U-shaped relationship between fertility and FLP (female labor participation) and the inverse-J-shaped relationship between fertility and income.Design/methodology/approachIt uses a panel data set of 176 countries including 13 East Asian countries from 1990 to 2014. Pooled ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects models are tested.FindingsThe main findings are the following points concerning East Asia: The U-shape and the inverse-J-shape are confirmed, suggesting that fertility recovery could be realized if both FLP and income are high enough and increasing; in the region, the U-shape is peculiar. Lower-income countries’ data move from the upper-right to the bottom, whereas higher-income countries’ data move from the upper-left to the bottom; no country in the region has reached the stage where both FLP and income are high enough.Originality/valueThis is the first paper on East Asia to show the U-shape and the inverse-J-shape concerning fertility recovery and the peculiarity of the U-shape in East Asia. It explains the background of low fertility using the relationship between fertility, FLP and income.

scholarly journals The contraceptive revolution in Russia

2017 ◽  
pp. 86-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly Vishnevsky ◽  
Boris Denisov ◽  
Victoria Sakevich
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Difference ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

In the 1960s and 1970s, with the introduction of hormonal contraception, as well as of a new generation of intrauterine contraception, Western countries saw cardinal changes in methods of fertility regulation so significant that the American demographers Ch. Westoff and N. Ryder called them "The contraceptive revolution." By this time, the transition to low fertility in developed countries, as, indeed, in Russia, was completed, and family planning had become a common practice. However, the new technologies significantly increased the effectiveness of birth control, and this change would have important social and demographic consequences. Underestimation of the importance of family planning and underdevelopment of the corresponding services in the USSR and in Russia led to the contraceptive revolution beginning here much later than in the West, not until the post-Soviet years with the arrival of a market economy and information openness. For decades, induced abortion played a key role in the regulation of fertility, and only in the 1990s did modern methods of contraception become widespread and the unfavorable ratio of abortions to births begin to change for the better. The article describes the composition of the contraceptive methods used in countries of European culture and of those in Russia, and attempts to explain the difference between them. Based on national representative sample data, an analysis is made of current practice of contraceptive use in Russia. The conclusion is drawn that the contraceptive revolution in Russia is proceeding rather quickly, but without substantial state support.

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