Public health nurses’ workforce factors and population health outcomes in the United States

Objective A growing need exists to train physicians in population health to meet the increasing need and demand for physicians with leadership, health data management/metrics, and epidemiology skills to better serve the health of the community. This study examines current trends in students pursuing a dual doctor of medicine (MD)–master of public health (MPH) degree (MD–MPH) in the United States. Methods We conducted an extensive literature review of existing MD–MPH databases to determine characteristics (eg, sex, race/ethnicity, MPH area of study) of this student cohort in 2019. We examined a trend in the MD community to pursue an MPH career, adding additional public health and health care policy training to the MD workforce. We conducted targeted telephone interviews with 20 admissions personnel and faculty at schools offering MD–MPH degrees in the United States with the highest number of matriculants and graduates. Interviews focused on curricula trends in medical schools that offer an MD–MPH degree. Results No literature describes the US MD–MPH cohort, and available MD–MPH databases are limited and incomplete. We found a 434% increase in the number of students pursuing an MD–MPH degree from 2010 to 2018. The rate of growth was greater than the increase in either the number of medical students (16%) or the number of MPH students (65%) alone. Moreover, MD–MPH students as a percentage of total MPH students more than tripled, from 1.1% in 2010 to 3.6% in 2018. Conclusions As more MD students pursue public health training, the impact of an MPH degree on medical school curricula, MD–MPH graduates, and MD–MPH career pursuits should be studied using accurate and comprehensive databases.

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Overview: The Accelerating Movement of Partnerships for Health

The Practical Playbook II ◽

10.1093/med/9780190936013.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 3-6

Author(s):

J. Lloyd Michener ◽

Brian C. Castrucci ◽

Don W. Bradley ◽

Edward L. Hunter ◽

Craig W. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

United States ◽

Primary Care ◽

Population Health ◽

The United States ◽

Improve Population Health ◽

Second Development ◽

Working Together ◽

General Desire

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the history and background to a general desire to try to find ways to improve population health through primary care and public health. The first Practical Playbook derived from an internet-based initiative that sought to find, assemble, assess, and share stories of how communities and agencies across the United States were working together to improve health. This text is the second development from that, after the realization that a completely new text was needed that would build on the experiences of the broadening array of sites and sectors and provide a concise set of tools, methods, and examples that support multi-sector partnerships to improve population health. The chapter then outlines the coverage of the rest of the chapters.

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Disaster preparedness and response: Implications for public health nurses

Journal of Emergency Management ◽

10.5055/jem.2006.0021 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Andrea Jennings-Sanders, Dr.PH, RN

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

United States ◽

Health Services ◽

Disaster Preparedness ◽

The United States ◽

Local State ◽

Public Health Nurses ◽

Access To Information ◽

Public Health Officials ◽

Disaster Preparedness And Response

Disasters are becoming more of an integral aspect of life in the United States and in other countries. Public health nurses are in the forefront of providing health services to people affected by disasters. Thus, it is essential that all public health nurses have access to information that will assist them in disaster situations. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the Framework for Public Health Nurses: Interventions Model can be utilized for planning and responding to disasters. The interventions in the model are directly applicable to disaster situations and, in addition, raise questions on issues that need to be addressed by local, state, and federal public health officials.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Potential population health outcomes and expenditures of HIV vaccination strategies in the United States.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1163911.624549 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

James Tartaglia

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Population Health ◽

The United States ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Potential Population

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Re: Ianchulev et al.: Office-based cataract surgery: population health outcomes study of more than 21 000 cases in the United States (Ophthalmology 2016;123:723-728)

Ophthalmology ◽

10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.04.057 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 124 (1) ◽

pp. e11-e12

Author(s):

Parul Chawla Gupta ◽

Jagat Ram

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Cataract Surgery ◽

Population Health ◽

The United States ◽

Outcomes Study

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The Coronavirus Pandemic and Immigrant Communities: A Crisis That Demands More of the Social Work Profession

Affilia ◽

10.1177/0886109920960832 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088610992096083 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fernanda L. Cross ◽

Odessa Gonzalez Benson

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

United States ◽

Social Work ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Economic Burden ◽

The United States ◽

Immigrant Communities ◽

Life And Death ◽

Large Segment ◽

The Social

As the coronavirus pandemic has taken over matters of life and death globally, immigrant communities were some of the most deeply impacted. In the United States (U.S.), Latinx immigrants and other minorities have experienced greater economic burden and worse health outcomes, resulting in alarming rates of death from COVID-19. Yet the government’s relief measures to support individuals did not extend to millions of immigrants. This left many immigrants with the cruel choice to either stay home to protect themselves and their loved ones from the virus or go to work to support their families. Disregard for a large segment of the population is further complemented by strict immigration policies, harsher border restrictions, and public health guidelines that failed to account for the realities faced by immigrants. In this brief, we highlight the unequal toll of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants and consider social work response. We argue that the pandemic demands more of the social work profession, as the coronavirus crisis exposed more clearly the systemic inequalities toward immigrants and aggravates their vulnerabilities. Insofar as systems are unequal and racist in the context of coronavirus, there is a great need for social work response that is innovative, brave, and deeply connected to communities.

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Examining the Relationship Between Incarceration and Population Health: The Roles of Region and Urbanicity

Criminal Justice Policy Review ◽

10.1177/0887403420916907 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088740342091690

Author(s):

Robert R. Weidner ◽

Jennifer Schultz

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Population Health ◽

Premature Death ◽

The United States ◽

National Sample ◽

Geographic Variations ◽

Collateral Consequences ◽

High Level ◽

The Relationship

Among the myriad collateral consequences of the high level of incarceration in the United States is its detrimental effects on public health. Just as there are geographic variations in level of incarceration within the United States, so too are there variations in health outcomes. This study examines the relationship between incarceration rates and population health for a national sample of counties from 2015, with a focus on how this relationship is influenced by both region (South vs. non-South) and whether a jurisdiction is rural. To obtain unbiased estimates of the effect of incarceration rates on two alternate health outcomes, it employs two-stage least-squares modeling, which accounts for the endogeneity of incarceration rates when determining their effect on population health. Results indicate that level of incarceration has a detrimental effect on both mortality (i.e., premature death) and morbidity (i.e., self-reported health), and that these effects are more pronounced in rural and Southern counties. Implications of these findings for both policy and research are considered.

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Effects of Varying Approaches to Lifting COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions in the United States

10.1101/2022.01.04.22268766 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica E Galarraga ◽

Daniel Popovsky ◽

Kevin Delijani ◽

Hannah Hanson ◽

Mark Hanlon

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Population Health ◽

Large Scale ◽

The United States ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Difference In Differences ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Fold Reduction ◽

Control And Prevention

Background Policy approaches to lifting COVID-19 restrictions have varied significantly across the United States. An evaluation of the effects of state reopening policies on population health outcomes can inform ongoing and future pandemic responses. This study evaluates the approaches to lifting social distancing restrictions based on adherence to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance established during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We performed a retrospective study using difference-in-differences analyses to examine the effects of reopening policies on COVID-19 outcomes with risk-adjustment for population density, temporal changes, and concurrent mask policy implementation. We examined the effects of reopening policies on per capita case rates and rates of severe COVID-19 outcomes, including hospitalizations and deaths. Results Adherence to CDC reopening gating metrics and phased social distancing guidelines resulted in fewer COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Phase one adherent states exhibited a 50-fold reduction in daily new cases and a 3-fold reduction in daily new deaths after reopening. Phase two adherent states experienced improvements in COVID-19 outcomes after reopening, while non-adherent states had a resurgence of worsening outcomes after lifting restrictions. Conclusions Our study findings indicate that adherence to CDC reopening guidance after implementing social distancing restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic substantially prevents new cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Following a stepwise reopening strategy and ensuring a sustained decline in case rates and test positivity rates before lifting restrictions can mitigate on a large scale the negative effects of a pandemic on population health outcomes.

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Building Community Resilience to Disasters: A Review of Interventions to Improve and Measure Public Health Outcomes in the Northeastern United States

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132111699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 11699

Author(s):

Abigail Abrash Walton ◽

Janine Marr ◽

Matthew J. Cahillane ◽

Kathleen Bush

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Climate Change ◽

United States ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Community Resilience ◽

The United States ◽

Health Impacts ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Northeastern United States ◽

Building Community

Climate change-related natural disasters, including wildfires and extreme weather events, such as intense storms, floods, and heatwaves, are increasing in frequency and intensity. These events are already profoundly affecting human health in the United States and globally, challenging the ability of communities to prepare, respond, and recover. The purpose of this research was to examine the peer-reviewed literature on community resilience initiatives in one of the most densely populated and economically important regions, the Northeastern United States, and to identify evidence-based interventions and metrics that had been field-tested and evaluated. This paper addresses two critical gaps in the literature: (1) what strategies or interventions have been implemented to build or enhance community resilience against climate change-related natural disasters; and (2) what metrics were used to measure community resilience as an outcome of those strategies or interventions? This review provides a succinct list of effective interventions with specific health outcomes. Community or state-level health officials can use the results to prioritize public health interventions. This review used existing database search tools to discover 205 studies related to community resilience and health outcomes. Methods set criteria to assess if interventions were able to measure and change levels of community resilience to the health impacts associated with a changing climate. Criteria included: (a) alignment with the United States’ National Preparedness Goal for reducing risks to human health and for recovering quickly from disasters; (b) derived from publicly available data sources; (c) developed for use by communities at a local scale; and (d) accessible to modestly resourced municipalities and county health agencies. Five (5) peer-reviewed, evidence-based studies met all of the selection criteria. Three of these articles described intervention frameworks and two reported on the use of standardized tools. Health-related outcomes included mental health impacts (PTSD/depression), mental stress, emergency preparedness knowledge, social capital skills, and emergency planning skills. The paper recommends the COAST project, COPEWELL Rubric for self-assessment, and Ready CDC intervention as examples of strategies that could be adapted by any community engaged in building community resilience.

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