scholarly journals DIVARICATA AND RADIALIS INTERACTING FACTOR (DRIF) also interacts with WOX and KNOX proteins associated with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1076-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Earl Petzold ◽  
Bidisha Chanda ◽  
Chengsong Zhao ◽  
Stephen B. Rigoulot ◽  
Eric P. Beers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Knox Proteins

scholarly journals Functional Characterisation of the Poplar Atypical Aspartic Protease Gene PtAP66 in Wood Secondary Cell Wall Deposition

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Shenquan Cao ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Huanhuan Ji ◽  
Mengjie Guo ◽  
Jiyao Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Protease Gene ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
Functional Characterisation

Secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition is an important process during wood formation. Although aspartic proteases (APs) have been reported to have regulatory roles in herbaceous plants, the involvement of atypical APs in SCW deposition in trees has not been reported. In this study, we characterised the Populus trichocarpa atypical AP gene PtAP66, which is involved in wood SCW deposition. Transcriptome data from the AspWood resource showed that in the secondary xylem of P. trichocarpa, PtAP66 transcripts increased from the vascular cambium to the xylem cell expansion region and maintained high levels in the SCW formation region. Fluorescent signals from transgenic Arabidopsis plant roots and transiently transformed P. trichocarpa leaf protoplasts strongly suggested that the PtAP66-fused fluorescent protein (PtAP66-GFP or PtAP66-YFP) localised in the plasma membrane. Compared with the wild-type plants, the Cas9/gRNA-induced PtAP66 mutants exhibited reduced SCW thickness of secondary xylem fibres, as suggested by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. In addition, wood composition assays revealed that the cellulose content in the mutants decreased by 4.90–5.57%. Transcription analysis further showed that a loss of PtAP66 downregulated the expression of several SCW synthesis-related genes, including cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis enzyme-encoding genes. Altogether, these findings indicate that atypical PtAP66 plays an important role in SCW deposition during wood formation.

scholarly journals Involvement of CesA4, CesA7-A/B and CesA8-A/B in secondary wall formation in Populus trichocarpa wood

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzar Abbas ◽  
Ilona Peszlen ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Hoon Kim ◽  
Rui Katahira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Fiber Cell ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Wall Formation

Abstract Cellulose synthase A genes (CesAs) are responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in plant cell walls. In this study, functions of secondary wall cellulose synthases PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7-A/B and PtrCesA8-A/B were characterized during wood formation in Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). CesA RNAi knockdown transgenic plants exhibited stunted growth, narrow leaves, early necrosis, reduced stature, collapsed vessels, thinner fiber cell walls and extended fiber lumen diameters. In the RNAi knockdown transgenics, stems exhibited reduced mechanical strength, with reduced modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). The reduced mechanical strength may be due to thinner fiber cell walls. Vessels in the xylem of the transgenics were collapsed, indicating that water transport in xylem may be affected and thus causing early necrosis in leaves. A dramatic decrease in cellulose content was observed in the RNAi knockdown transgenics. Compared with wildtype, the cellulose content was significantly decreased in the PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7 and PtrCesA8 RNAi knockdown transgenics. As a result, lignin and xylem contents were proportionally increased. The wood composition changes were confirmed by solid-state NMR, two-dimensional solution-state NMR and sum-frequency-generation vibration (SFG) analyses. Both solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and SFG analyses demonstrated that knockdown of PtrCesAs did not affect cellulose crystallinity index. Our results provided the evidence for the involvement of PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7-A/B and PtrCesA8-A/B in secondary cell wall formation in wood and demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of their perturbations on wood formation.

Clone and Analysis of Secondary Xylem Cellulose Synthase Gene Fragment from Populus ussuriensis

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 1908-1913
Author(s):  
Jiang Tao Shi ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Yi Xing Liu ◽  
Lei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Synthase Gene ◽  
Populus Ussuriensis ◽  
Close Genetic Relationship

wood is the most abundant renewable resource and environmentally friendly energy source on the earth, it not only provides industrial raw materials for economic and social sustainable development, meanwhile, the biological process of wood formation which is mainly to sink the excessive carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can also play an active role in reducing “greenhouse effect”, so it is the contributor of green environment and human heath. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore the biosynthesis process and the wood formation mechanism of woods cellulose. This study adopted RT-PCR to clone gene fragments from the total RNA of populus ussuriensis secondary xylem, through sequence analysis, we found that its size was 487bp, which was named as PusC1，by means of blast comparative analysis, we found that the gene sequence similarity of this fragment and Populus trichocarpa cellulose synthase (XM 002305024.1) reached 94%, and its gene sequence similarity with Populus tremuloides PtrCesA1 and Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides xylem specificity cellulose synthase genes (AY573574.1) sequence could also reach 92%. Therefore, it is inferred to be populus ussuriensis xylem specificity cellulose synthase gene fragment. Through sequence similarity, we can also infer that populus ussuriensis has a close genetic relationship with Populus trichocarpa and belongs to cathay poplar species; while Populus tremuloides belongs to white poplar species and has a close genetic relationship with populus ussuriensis.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic, Expression, and Bioinformatic Analysis of theABC1Gene Family inPopulus trichocarpa

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanchao Wang ◽  
Haizhen Zhang ◽  
Jingli Yang ◽  
Yunlin Chen ◽  
Xuemei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Aba Signal Transduction ◽  
Almost All

We studied 17ABC1genes inPopulus trichocarpa, all of which contained anABC1domain consisting of about 120 amino acid residues. Most of theABC1gene products were located in the mitochondria or chloroplasts. All had a conserved VAVK-like motif and a DFG motif. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the genes into three subgroups. In addition, the chromosomal locations of the genes on the 19Populuschromosomes were determined. Gene structure was studied through exon/intron organization and the MEME motif finder, while heatmap was used to study the expression diversity using EST libraries. According to the heatmap,PtrABC1P14was highlighted because of the high expression in tension wood which related to secondary cell wall formation and cellulose synthesis, thus making a contribution to follow-up experiment in wood formation. Promotercis-element analysis indicated that almost all of theABC1genes contained one or twocis-elements related to ABA signal transduction pathway and drought stress. Quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to evaluate the expression of all of the genes under abiotic stress conditions (ABA, CdCl2, high temperature, high salinity, and drought); the results showed that some of the genes were affected by these stresses and confirmed the results of promotercis-element analysis.

scholarly journals Identification of new protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions linked with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Earl Petzold ◽  
Stephen B Rigoulot ◽  
Chengsong Zhao ◽  
Bidisha Chanda ◽  
Xiaoyan Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Dna Interactions ◽  
Protein Dna Interactions ◽  
New Protein

scholarly journals Hierarchical Transcription Factor and Chromatin Binding Network for Wood Formation in Populus trichocarpa

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Jack P. Wang ◽  
Huizi Liu ◽  
Huiyu Li ◽  
Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Chromatin Binding

Expression and localization of SWEETs in Populus and the effect of SWEET7 overexpression in secondary growth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Lijuan Wang ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Cai Song ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Sugar Transporters ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Gene Structures

Abstract In trees, wood formation needs carbon import from the photosynthetic source tissues. Sugar transporters play important roles in carbohydrate transport into wood-forming cells. SWEETs (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) play essential roles in many physiological processes. However, the roles of this family in the growth and development of woody plants have not been systematically investigated. In this study, 27 SWEET genes were identified in the Populus trichocarpa genome. These SWEET genes were classified into four clades based on their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs, and chromosomal locations. Representative SWEET members from each clade were selected for further studies. The PagSWEETs were localized to plasma membrane, vacuolar, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that PagSWEETs have distinct expression patterns in various tissues, and PagSWEET5, 7, 10b, 10c, 15b, 17a, and 17c exhibited high expression levels in stems. PagSWEET7 is localized to the cytoplasmic membrane and specifically expressed in the phloem as detected by histochemical GUS assays. Xylem production and xylem sugar content were greater in developing wood of SWEET7 overexpression (OX) than Wild-type (WT) lines. Collectively, these results provide valuable information for further investigating functions of PagSWEET genes, and identify PagSWEET7 as a candidate gene for using biotechnology to modify the wood formation in poplar.

scholarly journals Identification of RING-H2 Gene Candidates Related to Wood Formation in Poplar

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Guimin Tong ◽  
Hongmei Shen ◽  
Shenquan Cao ◽  
Wenjing Xu ◽  
Xujun Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Duplication ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Microarray Dataset ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Multiple Gene ◽  
Poplar Genome ◽  
Gene Expression Analyses ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase E3

RING-H2 genes, the most abundant RING-type genes encoding putative ubiquitin ligase E3, are involved in diverse biological processes. Whether RING-H2 genes are related to wood formation remains to be identified in trees. In this study, we identified 288 RING-H2 genes in Populus trichocarpa, and found that the segmental and tandem duplication events contributed to RING-H2 gene expansion. Microarray dataset (from Affymetrix poplar genome arrays) showed that 64 of the 249 RING-H2 genes were highly or preferentially expressed in stem xylem. According to the AspWood RNAseq dataset, the transcription levels of genes PtrRHH21, 33, 48, 69, 88, 93, 94, 121, 141, 166, 175, 192, 208, 214, 250 and 257 were significantly increased in the xylem ranging from the expanding xylem to the lignifying xylem, suggesting their association with wood formation. Promoter analyses revealed that most of the preferentially xylem-expressed RING-H2 genes possessed SNBE, TERE, M46RE, AC and SMRE cis-elements, which are involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and programmed cell death. Based on the promoter GUS-based analysis result, PtrRHH94 was indicated to be associated with wood formation in transgenic P. trichocarpa. Taken together, dozens of Populus RING-H2 gene candidates associated with wood formation have been identified based on multiple gene expression analyses.

scholarly journals Enzyme Complexes of Ptr4CL and PtrHCT Modulate Co-enzyme A Ligation of Hydroxycinnamic Acids for Monolignol Biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Yuan Lin ◽  
Yi Sun ◽  
Jina Song ◽  
Hsi-Chuan Chen ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽  
Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽  
Diverse Plant Species

Co-enzyme A (CoA) ligation of hydroxycinnamic acids by 4-coumaric acid:CoA ligase (4CL) is a critical step in the biosynthesis of monolignols. Perturbation of 4CL activity significantly impacts the lignin content of diverse plant species. In Populus trichocarpa, two well-studied xylem-specific Ptr4CLs (Ptr4CL3 and Ptr4CL5) catalyze the CoA ligation of 4-coumaric acid to 4-coumaroyl-CoA and caffeic acid to caffeoyl-CoA. Subsequently, two 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimic acid hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (PtrHCT1 and PtrHCT6) mediate the conversion of 4-coumaroyl-CoA to caffeoyl-CoA. Here, we show that the CoA ligation of 4-coumaric and caffeic acids is modulated by Ptr4CL/PtrHCT protein complexes. Downregulation of PtrHCTs reduced Ptr4CL activities in the stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) of transgenic P. trichocarpa. The Ptr4CL/PtrHCT interactions were then validated in vivo using biomolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and protein pull-down assays in P. trichocarpa SDX extracts. Enzyme activity assays using recombinant proteins of Ptr4CL and PtrHCT showed elevated CoA ligation activity for Ptr4CL when supplemented with PtrHCT. Numerical analyses based on an evolutionary computation of the CoA ligation activity estimated the stoichiometry of the protein complex to consist of one Ptr4CL and two PtrHCTs, which was experimentally confirmed by chemical cross-linking using SDX plant protein extracts and recombinant proteins. Based on these results, we propose that Ptr4CL/PtrHCT complexes modulate the metabolic flux of CoA ligation for monolignol biosynthesis during wood formation in P. trichocarpa.

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