scholarly journals Fermentation of Microalgae Biomass through Mild Acid Pretreatment for Bioethanol Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Muei Chng ◽  
Kenneth S.K. Teo ◽  
Derek Juinn Chieh Chan ◽  
Keat Teong Lee ◽  
Pey Yi Toh
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Scenedesmus Dimorphus ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Saccharomyces Diastaticus ◽  
Mild Acid

Conversion of microalgae biomass to bioethanol is actively being researched to establish a cost effective and sustainable production technology. The main challenge is to break down the carbohydrates content in the biomass to obtain fermentable sugar for subsequent fermentation process. This study focuses on the effectiveness of the usage phosphoric acid pretreatment and capability of Saccharomyces diastaticus as the fermentation microbe to produce ethanol. Scenedesmus dimorphus microalgae biomass was used as the feedstock due to its high carbohydrate content. Mild acid hydrolysis at various conditions were carried out on biomass and the hydrolysates were subjected to fermentation. The optimum condition of acid pre-treatment using phosphoric acid was determined in this study. Based on the results, bioethanol yield of 94% was obtained at optimum condition of 2.5% v/v phosphoric acid at temperature of 120 °C for 30 min. This study proved that combination of phosphoric acid pre-treatment process with Saccharomyces diastaticus yeast provides a practicable method for the production of bioethanol from microalgae.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Conventional Methods and Electrochemical Aptasensors for Mycotoxin Detection

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1437
Author(s):  
Jing Yi Ong ◽  
Andrew Pike ◽  
Ling Ling Tan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Recognition Elements ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Performance

The presence of mycotoxins in foodstuffs and feedstuffs is a serious concern for human health. The detection of mycotoxins is therefore necessary as a preventive action to avoid the harmful contamination of foodstuffs and animal feed. In comparison with the considerable expense of treating contaminated foodstuffs, early detection is a cost-effective way to ensure food safety. The high affinity of bio-recognition molecules to mycotoxins has led to the development of affinity columns for sample pre-treatment and the development of biosensors for the quantitative analysis of mycotoxins. Aptamers are a very attractive class of biological receptors that are currently in great demand for the development of new biosensors. In this review, the improvement in the materials and methodology, and the working principles and performance of both conventional and recently developed methods are discussed. The key features and applications of the fundamental recognition elements, such as antibodies and aptamers are addressed. Recent advances in aptasensors that are based on different electrochemical (EC) transducers are reviewed in detail, especially from the perspective of the diagnostic mechanism; in addition, a brief introduction of some commercially available mycotoxin detection kits is provided.

scholarly journals Utilising Commercially Fabricated Printed Circuit Boards as an Electrochemical Biosensing Platform

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Uroš Zupančič ◽  
Joshua Rainbow ◽  
Pedro Estrela ◽  
Despina Moschou
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing ◽  
Pre Treatment

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) offer a promising platform for the development of electronics-assisted biomedical diagnostic sensors and microsystems. The long-standing industrial basis offers distinctive advantages for cost-effective, reproducible, and easily integrated sample-in-answer-out diagnostic microsystems. Nonetheless, the commercial techniques used in the fabrication of PCBs produce various contaminants potentially degrading severely their stability and repeatability in electrochemical sensing applications. Herein, we analyse for the first time such critical technological considerations, allowing the exploitation of commercial PCB platforms as reliable electrochemical sensing platforms. The presented electrochemical and physical characterisation data reveal clear evidence of both organic and inorganic sensing electrode surface contaminants, which can be removed using various pre-cleaning techniques. We demonstrate that, following such pre-treatment rules, PCB-based electrodes can be reliably fabricated for sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of the methodology both for labelled protein (procalcitonin) and label-free nucleic acid (E. coli-specific DNA) biomarker quantification, with observed limits of detection (LoD) of 2 pM and 110 pM, respectively. The proposed optimisation of surface pre-treatment is critical in the development of robust and sensitive PCB-based electrochemical sensors for both clinical and environmental diagnostics and monitoring applications.

Anaerobic digestion for sustainable development: a natural approach

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Gijzen
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Anaerobic Reactors ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Pre Treatment

After the discovery of methane gas by Alessandro Volta in 1776, it took about 100 years before anaerobic processes for the treatment of wastewater and sludges were introduced. The development of high rate anaerobic digesters for the treatment of sewage and industrial wastewater took until the nineteen-seventies and for solid waste even till the nineteen-eighties. All digesters have in common that they apply natural anaerobic consortia of microorganisms for degradation and transformation processes. In view of this, it could be rewarding to evaluate the efficiency of natural ecosystems for their possible application. Examples of high rate anaerobic natural systems include the forestomach of ruminants and the hindgut of certain insects, such as termites and cockroaches. These “natural reactors” exhibit volumetric methane production rates as high as 35 l/l.d. The development of anaerobic reactors based on such natural anaerobic systems could produce eco-technologies for the effective management of a wide variety of solid wastes and industrial wastewater. Important limitations of anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage relate to the absence of nutrient and pathogen removal. A combination of anaerobic pre-treatment followed by photosynthetic post-treatment is proposed for the effective recovery of energy and nutrients from sewage. This eco-technology approach is based on the recognition that the main nutrient assimilating capacity is housed in photosynthetic plants. The proposed anaerobic-photosynthetic process is energy efficient, cost effective and applicable under a wide variety of rural and urban conditions. In conclusion: a natural systems approach towards waste management could generate affordable eco-technologies for effective treatment and resource recovery.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK KARBON AKTIF DARI CANGKANG BUAH KARET MENGGUNAKAN AKTIVATOR H3PO4

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Meilianti Meilianti
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Phosphoric Acid

This research is purposed to determine the characteristic and adsorbtion ability of activated carbon which is made from rubber fruit shell with ativator phosphoric acid ( H3PO4 ). The carbonisation of activated carbon was carried out using furnace for 1 hour with temperature of 750oC. The next mashed and sieved with a size of 100 mesh. Then activated for 24 hours with H3PO4 solution with variation of concentration , 8%,  8.5%,  9%,  9.5% and    10%. As the result of characterisation, the lowest water degree wash content 10% with the value  3,25 % and lowest volatille metter from sample 10 % with the value 3,15 %. the lowest ash degree was from sample 8 % with the value 3,36 %. Maximum adsorbtion of iodine with sample 10  % with the value 947,25  mg/g . The optimum condition of activated carbon with activator phosphoric acis, which is produced in concentration 10%. Which at this concentration has moisture water degree of 3,25%, ash degree of 3,36%, volatille metter degree 3,15%, absorption iodine of 947.25 mg / g, and absorption metilene blue 98,95 mg/g.

Phosphoric acid pretreatment enhances the specific surface areas of biochars by generation of micropores

2018 ◽  
Vol 240 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Chu ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Yu Huang ◽  
Dandan Zhou ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Specific Surface Areas

Cost Effective Fabrication of Large Diameter High Strength Titanium Catenary Riser

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Marie Horn ◽  
Mons Hauge ◽  
Per-Arne Ro̸stadsand ◽  
Bjarne Bjo̸rnbakk ◽  
Peer Dahlberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Cracks ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Main Challenge

A large diameter high strength titanium free-hanging catenary riser was evaluated by the Demo 2000 Ti-Rise project, from initiative of the Kristin Field development license. In order to reduce the uncertainties related to the schedule, cost, and special technical issues identified in the work related to a similar riser for future installation on the A˚sgard B semi-submersible platform, a fabrication qualification of a full scale riser in titanium was run. Several full-scale production girth welds were made in an in-situ fabrication environment. The welding was performed on extruded titanium grade 23 (ASTM) pipes with an ID of 25.5″) and wall thickness of 30 mm. The main challenge was to develop a highly productive TIG orbital welding procedure, which produced welds with as low pore content as possible. It is well known that sub-surface pores often are initiation sits for fatigue cracks in high strength titanium welds. This paper describes how a greatly improved productivity was obtained in combination with a high weld quality. NDT procedures were developed whit the main on the reliability to detect and locate possible sub-surface weld defects, volumetric defects such as pores and tungsten particles and planar defects such as lack of fusion. The results from the actual Non Destructive Testing (NDT), the mechanical testing, and the fatigue testing of the subjected welds are presented. The response of the catenary is optimised by varied distribution of weight coating along the riser’s length. A satisfactory weight coating with sufficient strength, bond strength, and wear properties was developed and qualified. The riser is planned to be fabricated from extruded titanium pipes, welded together onshore to one continuous piece. The field coating is added and the riser is loaded into the sea and towed offshore and installed.

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