ASSESSMENT IN BENDING AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER USING SELECTED MALAYSIAN TROPICAL HARDWOOD AS ALTERNATIVE TO TIMBER RAILWAY SLEEPERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norshariza Mohamad Bhkari ◽  
Zakiah Ahmad ◽  
Afidah Abu Bakar ◽  
Paridah Md. Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Shear Test ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Tropical Timber ◽  
Bond Performance ◽  
Tropical Hardwood ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Bonding Characteristics

This paper presents a pilot study on bending and shear strength of glued laminated (glulam) timber using selected tropical timber namely, Kekatong (Cynometra spp.) and Melagangai (Potoxylon melagangai) as an alternative for timber railway sleepers. Selected timbers were manufactured in accordance with MS758:2001 and the bending test was conducted according to ASTM D198:2013. The shear test for glue line integrity was performed to observe the bond performance in glulam accordance to MS758:2001.The results showed both species can be used as structural members since the bending strength obtained from the laboratory work is greater than the allowable bending strength. In terms of the percentage of wood failure, the bonding characteristics of both glulam satisfied the bonding requirement stipulated in the standard and have the potential to be used as glulam timber railway sleepers.  

An Estimation of Joint Strength by Using Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloy Subjected to Bending Deformation at Various Deformation Rate

2014 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 228-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuki Fujita ◽  
Keizo Nishikori ◽  
Takeshi Iwamoto
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Deformation Rate ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Bending Deformation ◽  
Three Point Bending

In various kinds of shape memory alloy (SMA), Fe-based SMA (Fe-SMA) shows smaller shape memory effect compared with the other SMAs. However, Fe-SMA shows huge advantages on the excellent formability, machinability, etc. Moreover, its production cost is cheaper than other SMAs; therefore, the alloy is attempted to be applied to structural members such as joints and dampers. Since bending deformation at higher deformation rate is generated in the members, especially the joints, due to impact force such as earthquake or wind, a clarification on the bending strength of the joints at various deformation rate is strongly required. In this study, at first, it is attempted that the bending strength and its rate sensitivity of the joints which consist of Fe-based SMA are experimentally estimated by the three-point bending test at various deformation rate. Then, the force balance equation is challenged to be derived to predict the bending strength.

scholarly journals Structural Behavior of High Strength Laced Reinforced Concrete One Way Slab Exposed to Fire Flame

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 2747-2761
Author(s):  
Anas Ibrahim Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Steady State Temperature ◽  
Average Residual ◽  
Fire Flame ◽  
Geometric Layout

In this study, an experimental investigation had conducted for six high strength laced reinforced concrete one-way slabs to discover the behavior of laced structural members after being exposed to fire flame (high temperature). Self-compacted concrete (SCC) had used to achieve easy casting and high strength concrete. All the adopted specimens were identical in their compressive strength of ( , geometric layout 2000 750 150 mm and reinforcement specifics except those of lacing steel content, three ratios of laced steel reinforcement of (0.0021, 0.0040 and 0.0060) were adopted. Three specimens were fired with a steady state temperature of  for two hours duration and then after the specimens were cooled suddenly by spraying water. The simply supported slabs were tested for flexure behavior with two line loads applied in the middle third of the slab (four-point bending test). The average residual percentage of cubic compression strength and splitting tensile strength were 57.5% and 50% respectively. The outcomes indicated that the residual bending strength of the burned slabs with laced ratios (0.0021, 0.004, 0.006) were (72.56, 70.54 and 70.82%) respectively. However; an increase in the deflection was gained to be (11.34, 14.67 and 17.22%) respectively with respect to non-burned specimens.

Bending Strength of Glulam from Selected Malaysian Hardwood Timber

2014 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Hazira Wan Mohamad ◽  
Zakiah Ahmad ◽  
Ashari Abd. Jalil
Keyword(s):  
Shear Test ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Glue Line ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Bending Performance ◽  
Glulam Beam ◽  
Heavy Medium ◽  
Malaysian Government

Malaysian government has already built the first glulam structure in Malaysia with the aim of demonstrating the potentialities of using indigenous hardwood timber for glulam. Since Malaysia possesses a vast variety of timber species, hence there is a need to identify suitable species for glulam manufacturing. This paper presents the bending performance of Malaysian hardwood glulam beams, manufactured from different categories namely heavy, medium and light hardwood timbers. A series of tests were carried out on the glulam beam that includes bending test, delamination test and shear test of glue line. Results in this study will be useful to manufacturers interested in using Malaysian hardwood for glulam beams.

scholarly journals Mechanical Behavior of GFRP Connection Using FRTP Rivets

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Matsui ◽  
Yoshiyuki Matsushita ◽  
Yukihiro Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Tensile Shear ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Connection Method ◽  
Beam Bending ◽  
Reinforced Thermoplastics

In recent years, the application of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) as structural members has been promoted. Metallic bolts and rivets are often used for the connection of FRP structures, but there are some problems caused by corrosion and stress concentration at the bearing position. Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTPs) have attracted attention in composite material fields because they can be remolded by heating and manufactured with excellent speed compared with thermosetting plastics. In this paper, we propose and evaluate the connection method using rivets produced of FRTPs for FRP members. It was confirmed through material tests that an FRTP rivet provides stable tensile, shear, and bending strength. Then, it was clarified that non-clearance connection could be achieved by the proposed connection method, so initial sliding was not observed, and connection strength linearly increased as the number of FRTP rivets increased through the double-lapped tensile shear tests. Furthermore, the joint strength of the beam using FRTP rivets could be calculated with high accuracy using the method for bolt joints in steel structures through a four-point beam bending test.

scholarly journals The Usefulness of Pine Timber (Pinus sylvestris L.) for the Production of Structural Elements. Part II: Strength Properties of Glued Laminated Timber

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4029
Author(s):  
Radosław Mirski ◽  
Dorota Dziurka ◽  
Monika Chuda-Kowalska ◽  
Jakub Kawalerczyk ◽  
Marcin Kuliński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Horizontal Arrangement

The paper assessed the feasibility of manufacturing glued structural elements made of pine wood after grading it mechanically in a horizontal arrangement. It was assumed that the pine wood was not free of defects and that the outer lamellas would also be visually inspected. This would result in only rejecting items with large, rotten knots. Beams of the assumed grades GL32c, GL28c and GL24c were made of the examined pine wood. Our study indicated that the expected modulus of elasticity in bending was largely maintained by the designed beam models but that their strength was connected with the quality of the respective lamellas, rather than with their modulus of elasticity. On average, the bending strength of the beams was 44.6 MPa. The cause of their destruction was the individual technical quality of a given item of timber, which was loosely related to its modulus of elasticity, assessed in a bending test. Although the modulus of elasticity of the manufactured beam types differed quite significantly (11.45–14.08 kN/mm2), the bending strength for all types was similar. Significant differences occurred only during a more detailed analysis because lower classes were characterized by a greater variation of the bending strength. In this case, beams with a strength of 24 MPa to 50 MPa appeared.

scholarly journals Study on Mechanical Properties of Tropical Timber Hardwood Species: Promoting Javanese Inferior Timbers for Traditional Wooden Houses

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Yulianto P. Prihatmaji ◽  
Akihisa Kitamori ◽  
Satoru Murakami ◽  
Kohei Komatsu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Wood Material ◽  
Tropical Timber ◽  
Teak Wood

Recent earthquake hitting Java Island in Indonesia has caused many damaged to Javanese wooden houses, including Joglo-type building. The Traditional wooden houses use Teak wood or locally known as Jati (Tectona grandis) and Nangka wood (Artocarpus heterophyllus) as the primary construction material for both building structure and ornaments. Repair or reconstruction of the damaged house needs the same wood material (Teak wood) in order to get the same strength, durability, and prestige. Unfortunately, obtaining Teak wood in sufficient size is difficult because of limited quantity and very expensive price. Therefore, promoting substitute wood material having similar mechanical properties to Teak wood is needed. To understand the mechanical properties of timber for Javanese timber house, compression test, three point bending test, four point bending test and four point shear test were carried out in radial and tangential direction.In this paper, authors showed substitute wood materials for avanese timber houses from tropical timber. A total of 840 specimens made from 9 tropical timber species were tested. All tropical timber specimens showed that the MOE (Modulus of elasticity) had strong relationship with density. There was a clear trend that smaller density indicated smaller MOE. Yield stress described strong relationship with densities. From all specimens tested, shear modulus, shear strength and MOR showed quite strong relationship with densities. In terms of shear modulus, Acacia, Jati and Nangka had quite similar mechanical properties. For shear strength, Nangka closely resembled Jati while glued-Acacia had equal mechanical properties to Jati in terms of MOR.

scholarly journals Influence of Age on the Strength of Different Species of Timber

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaniyi Segun Ojo ◽  
Fidelis Monday Idieunmah
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Static Shear

Timbers are used as structural members in various areas of construction works. Hence the knowledge of properties of wood especially strength and factors affecting the strength of timber is very important. This study was conducted to determine the effect of age on the structural strength of timber. The wood species studied are Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), Nigerian Mahogany (Khaya anthotheca) and Ita (Celtis mildbraedii). The age of timber were determined by counting the number of annual growth rings, which is the combination of early wood and late wood and samples of different ages of timber, were obtained by personal visit to the forest where fresh timber was cut. The samples obtained were machined and trimmed to standard size with respect to BS 373 1957 (imprint 1999), 20mm X 20mm X 60mm for the determination of maximum compressive strength parallel to grain (MCS//), 20mm X 20mm X 20mm for static shear strength and 20mm X 20mm X 300mm to determine the bending strength. The samples obtained were carried to the laboratory at Forestry Research Institutes of Nigeria (FRIN) in Ibadan for testing using Instron Tensiometer machine. SPSS was used to analyze the relationship between strength and age of timber. The result obtained showed that the maximum compressive and Shear strength for Iroko, were at 120years, whereas it has maximum bending strength at 70years. Nigeria Mahogany and Ita has maximum compressive, bending and shear strength at 80 years, and 70 years respectively and among the three timber samples Ita is better in compression and shear strength and iroko is better in bending strength. It was concluded that age of timber has significant influence on timber strength

Biomechanical Study on Repairing Bone Defect with Composite of Bovine Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Hydroxyapatite

2007 ◽  
Vol 330-332 ◽  
pp. 1193-1196
Author(s):  
Hang Wang ◽  
Meng Shi Chen ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Wei Tang ◽  
Wei Dong Tian
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Bovine Bone ◽  
Graft Material ◽  
Porous Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein

To investigate the mechanical property (shear strength, bending strength and compressive strength) and the interface combinative ability of the composite of bovine bone morphogenetic protein (bBMP) and porous hydroxyapatite (HA) with different pore diameter. HA1 (Φ100-300μm) and HA2 (Φ130-500μm) were used as carriers of bBMP(5mg). The 4 types material (HA1, HA2, bBMP /HA1, bBMP /HA2) were implanted into the femur of 10 dogs (2 dogs each group) for the shear test and 15 dogs (3 dogs each group) for the bending test and compressive test. The shear strength of all kinds of materials were increased as time went on and the shear strength of bBMP/HA1 was highest in four materials. The bending strength of bBMP /HA1 was close to the normal femur in the 24th week. The compressive strength of all materials was lower than the cortex of the dog’s femur until 24th week. The compressive strength of bBMP /HA1 was the highest in four types. The compressive strength of HA2 and bBMP /HA2 was decreased after implantation. Implant of bBMP /HA with 100-300μm diameter had strong bonding with the host bone, and had better mechanical properties than that with 130-500μm diameter. So the porous bBMP /HA (Φ100-300 μm ) could be a useful graft material due to its strength.

scholarly journals Measurement of the Shear Properties of Extruded Polystyrene Foam by In-Plane Shear and Asymmetric Four-Point Bending Tests

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Yoshihara ◽  
Makoto Maruta
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Shear Test ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Polystyrene Foam ◽  
Plane Shear ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Four Point Bending Test ◽  
Extruded Polystyrene Foam

The shear modulus and shear strength of extruded polystyrene foam were obtained by the in-plane shear and asymmetric four-point bending tests. In addition, the test data were numerically analysed, and the effectiveness of these tests was examined. The numerical and experimental results suggest that the shear modulus and shear strength obtained from the in-plane shear test are significantly smaller than those obtained from the asymmetric four-point bending test because the influence of the stress concentration was less significant. Although the in-plane shear test is standardised in ASTM C273/C273M-11, it is considerable to adopt the asymmetric four-point bending test as another candidate for obtaining the shear properties of extruded polystyrene foam.

Effect of Relative Humidity on Mechanical Properties of Birch Laminated Veneer Lumber

2010 ◽  
Vol 129-131 ◽  
pp. 576-579
Author(s):  
Bing Xue ◽  
Ying Cheng Hu ◽  
Fang Chao Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Shear Test ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Betula Platyphylla ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Betula Platyphylla Suk

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) panels made from birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) veneers were tested for physical and mechanical strength properties in this study. The static bending test were conducted on the LVL, and bending test and shear test were conducted on veneer and three-lamination LVL. The effects of the relative humidity on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bending strength (MOR) of birch LVL with vertical load and parallel load were investigated. There were four relative humidities including 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%. The results showed that the MOE and MOR of LVL would diminished with the increase of relative humidity, the bending strength of veneer sample decreased as the relative humidity increased, and there was noticeable effect of relative humidity on shear strength of PF resin.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document