scholarly journals RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS (‘ULAMĀ’) AND POLITICAL LEADERS (UMARĀ’) IN THE CLASSICAL MALAY TEXTS: A COMPARATIVE RELIGION APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. Noh Bin Abdul Jalil
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Comparative Religion ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
Close Relationship

This paper aims in analyzing the roles of religious scholars (‘ulamā’) and political leaders (umarā’) during the Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic periods in the Malay Archipelago. Different roles have been entrusted to the religious authorities by the Malay rulers. During the period of Indian cultural and religious dominance, religious scholars had a special position at the court and played a significant role in maintaining the legitimacy of the king. Close relationship between religious scholars and the Malay rulers is also evident after the coming of Islam to the archipelago. Once again, religious authorities had been entrusted with a special role by the ruling elite. However, the new Muslim scholars took on a significantly different role with regard to functions from that of their Hindu-Buddhist predecessors. Analysis on the roles of both authorities will be made based on evidence found in two classical Malay texts namely the Sejarah Melayu and Bustān al-Salātīn. This paper concludes how, after the spread of Islam to the Malay Archipelago relationship between religious scholars and secular leaders changed drastically. Religious scholars (‘ulamā’) maintained a less direct relationship with political leaders compared to the role of the Brahmin of the devaraja cult. They merely acted as moral advisors to the rulers who would decide whether to accept or to reject religious advice presented to them based on the needs at that time.     

scholarly journals POLDEN, POLNOCH IN THE ASPECT OF NOMINATIVE DERIVATION (BASED ON MATERIAL FROM EASTERN SLAVIC LANGUAGES)

Rusin ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 203-223
Author(s):  
T.S. Sokolova ◽  
◽  
G.N. Starikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Special Role ◽  
South Side ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Word Families ◽  
Close Relationship

The article considers the nominative-derivational potential of the words polden and polnoch in the East Slavic languages. The nominative-derivational potential is understood as the ability of lexical units to produce nominative means. The objectives of the study include identifying the composition of the indicated vocabulary and the range of concepts they express for Old Rus and modern times. The analysis has involved about 200 units of nomination and showed that the East Slavic languages significantly developed these word families, with their nominative-derivational capabilities mainly realized in folk speech through rich lexical synonymy. The comparison has revealed a greater power of the word family polden compared to polnoch, as well as a greater formal-semantic variety of its derivatives, which is explained by its numerous meanings due to the special role of daylight in human life. The semantics of the source words determined the nature of the nominative spheres marked with derivative units (“Time”, “Nature”, “Man”), reflecting the accumulated socio-worldview experience of closely related peoples, their close relationship. The structure and meaning of derivatives in different languages have both common and special features. The commonnes is expressed by the unimodel formations and their synonymy (Rus. opolnoch, Ukr. opivnich, Bls. aponachy, Rusin. opivnich, upunochi), specificity – by their formal and meaningful uniqueness: Rus. mezhpolden ‘south side’, odnopoldenok ‘light time of day’, poldenoshnik‘milking bucket’, Ukr. adverbs pivdennishe, pivnichniche, Blr. names of mythological creatures, Rusin. dopoludnyar, ‘shepherdʼ, upidpoludne ʽ in the first half of the day’ and others. Together, they demonstrate the nominative-derivational potential of the names of the light and dark day time climax, which developed, inter alia, under the mutual influence of closely related languages.

scholarly journals GIS-based landscape analysis of megalithic graves in the Island of Sardinia (Italy)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-141
Author(s):  
Riccardo Cicilloni ◽  
Marco Cabras
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Cost Surface ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Significant Area

One of the most important megalithic groups in Western Europe in terms of number and characteristics is the group of over 200 monuments of various types in Sardinia. It now seems to be confirmed that the rise of the megalithic phenomenon was during the culture of San Michele of Ozieri (Late Neolithic, 4000-3300 B.C.E.). The Sardinian dolmen graves, however, had a maximum distribution during the Chalcolithic, as evidenced by most of the finds from excavations. The phenomenon also shows a close relationship beyond Sardinia and especially with the monuments of Catalonia, Pyrenees, non-coastal departments of French-midi, Corsica and Puglia.About 90 dolmen graves of various types have been investigated, namely the simple type, “corridor” type, “allée couverte” type, and others of uncertain attribution, located in central-western Sardinia, and particularly in a significant area of ca. 3500 km2 coinciding with the historical regions of Marghine-Planargia, Middle Valley of Tirso and Montiferru. This includes some 40% of all Sardinian dolmens. Locational trends and relationships with regard to landscape elements were studied with the aid of GIS methodologies such as viewshed and cost surface analysis. This allowed an evaluation of the role of visual dominance on the surroundings in relation to waterways and natural access routes.These dolmens enjoy an isolated positional character, being found more often in high plateaus, but also on low plateaus and hills. Although different concentrations are found in dolmenic graves, these do not seem to have any direct relationship among them, but their influence is apparently directed towards travel routes and sensitive elements of the landscape that have capabilities of territorial demarcation.The particular location emphasizes the significance of these monuments as territorial markers for segmentary societies. It seems that a dolmen was constructed according to the territory immediately surrounding it. This reinforces the hypothesis of there being a secondary task, in addition to that of burial, to symbolize a message or landmark for those who moved towards "another" territory: a sign of belonging.

scholarly journals Episcopus, presbyter, sacerdos, diaconus: niektóre wyjaśnienia papieża Innocentego I w Liście do Decencjusza, biskupa Gubbio

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 653-671
Author(s):  
Waldemar Turek
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The West ◽  
Sacred Scripture

In his Letter to Decentius, Bishop of Gubbio, Pope Innocent I discusses some liturgical questions and specifies the competences of the representatives of the clergy of the time in this regard. First of all, however, he demonstrates the par­ticular link of the community of Rome with the figure of St Peter, which gives rise to the very special role of the Bishop of Rome in relation to other communities, especially in the West. He then concentrates especially on the duties and rights of bishops (episcopi), the principal shepherds and administrators of the divine gifts; on the basis of Sacred Scripture and Tradition he places them at the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Presbyters (presbyteri) are then considered; to them the author of the Letter attributes a significant role especially in teaching and in the celebration of the Eucharist and Baptism. Confirmation is celebrated by the bishop; presbyters, even though they are priests (sacerdotes), do not possess the fullness of the priesthood. The term sacerdos is usually used in reference to bi­shops and presbyters; however, at times it is reserved to bishops, as, for example, in the discussion on the theme of the beginning of public penance and the admis­sion of the repentant Christian to the community on Holy Thursday.

scholarly journals Interleukin 6 in aging and age­-related diseases

The Clinician ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
S. V. Topolyanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Age Related

Modern concepts about the importance of subclinical inflammation in various age-associated pathology are described in the review. The term “inflammaging” (inflammation due to aging) refers to the special role of inflammation in the aging processes. This type of inflammation is low-grade, controlled, asymptomatic, chronic and systemic. Inflammaging determines the rate of aging and life expectancy. The balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a significant role in aging processes. The increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the elderly are associated with different diseases, disability and mortality. Interleukin-6 is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of acute phase response and other immunological reactions, in the hematopoiesis and in chronic inflammation. This cytokine is important in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation diseases, as well as different oncological disorders. Interleukin-6 is often called the “cytokine of gerontologists”, since it is one of the main signaling pathways associated with aging and age-related diseases. This cytokine also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure and increases the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and overall mortality. Interleukin-6 is a key proinflammatory cytokine responsible for the “metabolic inflammation”, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. This cytokine has a significant impact on the development of sarcopenia and frailty. The serum levels of interleukin-6 negatively correlate with muscle mass and skeletal muscle function in the elderly, so it is considered as a biomarker of sarcopenia and functional decline. Interleukin-6 may contribute to the development of osteoporosis by stimulating osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. The modern data indicate the diverse effects of interleukin-6 and confirm the significant role of this cytokine in aging and in different age-associated pathology.

scholarly journals GIS-based landscape analysis of megalithic graves in the Island of Sardinia (Italy)

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-139
Author(s):  
Riccardo Cicilloni ◽  
Marco Cabras
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Cost Surface ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Significant Area

One of the most important megalithic groups in Western Europe in terms of number and characteristics is the group of over 200 monuments of various types in Sardinia. It now seems to be confirmed that the rise of the megalithic phenomenon was during the culture of San Michele of Ozieri (Late Neolithic, 4000-3300 B.C.E.). The Sardinian dolmen graves, however, had a maximum distribution during the Chalcolithic, as evidenced by most of the finds from excavations. The phenomenon also shows a close relationship beyond Sardinia and especially with the monuments of Catalonia, Pyrenees, non-coastal departments of French-midi, Corsica and Puglia. About 90 dolmen graves of various types have been investigated, namely the simple type, “corridor” type, “allée couverte” type, and others of uncertain attribution, located in central-western Sardinia, and particularly in a significant area of ca. 3500 km2 coinciding with the historical regions of Marghine-Planargia, Middle Valley of Tirso and Montiferru. This includes some 40% of all Sardinian dolmens. Locational trends and relationships with regard to landscape elements were studied with the aid of GIS methodologies such as viewshed and cost surface analysis. This allowed an evaluation of the role of visual dominance on the surroundings in relation to waterways and natural access routes. These dolmens enjoy an isolated positional character, being found more often in high plateaus, but also on low plateaus and hills. Although different concentrations are found in dolmenic graves, these do not seem to have any direct relationship among them, but their influence is apparently directed towards travel routes and sensitive elements of the landscape that have capabilities of territorial demarcation. The particular location emphasizes the significance of these monuments as territorial markers for segmentary societies. It seems that a dolmen was constructed according to the territory immediately surrounding it. This reinforces the hypothesis of there being a secondary task, in addition to that of burial, to symbolize a message or landmark for those who moved towards "another" territory: a sign of belonging.

scholarly journals Interleukin 6 in aging and age-related diseases

The Clinician ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Topolyanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Age Related

Modern concepts about the importance of subclinical inflammation in various age-associated pathology are described in the review. The term “inflammaging” (inflammation due to aging) refers to the special role of inflammation in the aging processes. This type of inflammation is low-grade, controlled, asymptomatic, chronic and systemic. Inflammaging determines the rate of aging and life expectancy. The balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a significant role in aging processes. The increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the elderly are associated with different diseases, disability and mortality. Interleukin-6 is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of acute phase response and other immunological reactions, in the hematopoiesis and in chronic inflammation. This cytokine is important in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation diseases, as well as different oncological disorders. Interleukin-6 is often called the “cytokine of gerontologists”, since it is one of the main signaling pathways associated with aging and age-related diseases. This cytokine also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure and increases the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and overall mortality. Interleukin-6 is a key proinflammatory cytokine responsible for the “metabolic inflammation”, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. This cytokine has a significant impact on the development of sarcopenia and frailty. The serum levels of interleukin-6 negatively correlate with muscle mass and skeletal muscle function in the elderly, so it is considered as a biomarker of sarcopenia and functional decline. Interleukin-6 may contribute to the development of osteoporosis by stimulating osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. The modern data indicate the diverse effects of interleukin-6 and confirm the significant role of this cytokine in aging and in different age-associated pathology.

Development of Social and Economic Forecasting and Ideas of A. Anchishkin

2013 ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
A. Klepach ◽  
G. Kuranov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Planning ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Economic Forecasting ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Long Term Forecasting ◽  
Working Out

The role of the prominent Soviet economist, academician A. Anchishkin (1933—1987), whose 80th birth anniversary we celebrate this year, in the development of ideas and formation of economic forecasting in the country at the time when the directive planning acted as a leading tool of economic management is explored in the article. Besides, Anchishkin’s special role is noted in developing a comprehensive program of scientific and technical progress, an information basis for working out long-term forecasts of the country’s development, moreover, his contribution to the creation of long-term forecasting methodology and improvement of the statistical basis for economic analysis and economic planning. The authors show that social and economic forecasting in the period after 1991, which has undertaken a number of functions of economic planning, has largely relied on further development of Anchishkin’s ideas, at the same time responding to new challenges for the Russian economy development during its entry into the world economic system.

The Role of Muslim Women in Civil Society In Promoting Values and Principles for Building Peace: Action Guide from The Qur’ān

Sains Insani ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Che Amnah Bahari ◽  
Fatimah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Pluralistic Society ◽  
Women And Children

The whole world, the Muslim in particular has witnessed conflicts in different areas, which have hindered the developmental efforts of the nations concerned. It should be learned that most victims of these conflicts are women and children. This article attempts to elaborate the role of Muslims Women as a crucial segment in civil society in initiating peace building through nurturing process. It maintains that the adoption of the principles and values derived from the Qur’ān and Sunnah of the Prophet is necessary as a process of lifelong learning.  Those identified values constituted the framework of this article and it adopts the textual analysis method.   This article concludes that through the implementation of those values and frameworks for peace building, women as one of the important segments of civil society are able to play significant role towards initiating peace building and promoting peaceful co-existence in pluralistic society. Abstrak: Dunia Islam khususnya telah menyaksikan konflik di pelbagai daerah yang berbeza. Konflik ini telah menghalang usaha kearah pembangunan Kawasan yang berkenaan. Kebanyakan mangsa konflik ini adalah wanita dan kanak-kanak. Artikel ini cuba untuk menghuraikan peranan wanita Islam sebagai segmen penting dalam masyarakat madani dalam membangun proses kedamaian dengan mendidik dan memupuk prinsip dan nilai murni janaan al-Qur’an. Penggunaan prinsip dan nilai yang dikutip dari ayat-ayat Qur'an dan hadis Rasulullah adalah keperluan yang mendesak sebagai wadah bagi proses pembelajaran sepanjang hayat. Nilai-nilai yang dikenal pasti merupakan rangka kerja artikel ini, dan metod yang dirujuk adalah analisis teks. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahawa melalui pelaksanaan nilai-nilai dan kerangka kerja Islam bagi proses kedamaian, wanita Islam dalam masyarakat madani mampu memainkan peranan penting dalam memulakan pembinaan keamanan dan menggalakkan kehidupan yang harmonis, sejahtera dan saling bantu membantu dalam masyarakat majmuk.

Organizational Justice and Employee Sustainability: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Mehreen Fatima ◽  
Zeeshan Izhar ◽  
Zaheer Abbas Kazmi
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The Impact

Purpose- The primary purpose of the study is to determine the impact of organizational justice (OJ) on employee sustainability. Along with that, it also describes how organizational commitment mediates this direct relationship. This study includes all dimensions of OJ which are distributive, procedural and interactional (interpersonal & informational) within the context of a developing country (Pakistan). Design/Methodology- This study has considered employees working in the banking sector of Pakistan. Two hundred ten questionnaires were received back from employees. Regression analysis was used to analyze direct relationships between variables, while smart partial least squares (PLS) were used for mediation analysis. Findings- Results demonstrated that all hypothesis were accepted and it was also confirmed that organizational commitment (OC) mediates the direct relationship between OJ and employee sustainability (ES). Originality/value- Multidimensional construct of organizational justice was tested in this study, in the context of a developing country (Pakistan), to address the research gap.

POLICY CHANGE – THE ROLE OF IDEAS AND POLICY ENTREPRENEURS

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Arwanto Arwanto ◽  
Wike Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Problem Framing ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Understanding policy process involves many distinctive approaches. The most common are institutional, groups or networks, exogenous factors, rational actors, and idea-based approach. This paper discussed the idea-based approach to explain policy process, in this case policy change. It aims to analyse how ideas could assist people to understand policy change. What role do they play and why are they considered as fundamental element? It considers that ideas are belong to every policy actor, whether it is individual or institution. In order to answer these questions, this paper adopts Kingdon’s multi streams approach to analyse academic literatures. Through this approach, the relationship between ideas and policy change can be seen clearer. Ideas only can affect in policy change if it is agreed and accepted by policy makers. Therefore the receptivity of ideas plays significant role and it emerges policy entrepreneurs. They promote ideas (through problem framing, timing, and narrative construction) and manipulate in order to ensure the receptivity of ideas. Although policy entrepreneurs play significant role, political aspects remains the most important element in the policy process. Keywords: policy change, ideas, idea-based approach, Kingdon’s multiple streams, policy entrepreneurs.

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