KEANEKARAGAMAN JAMUR MAKROSKOPIS DI KAWASAN AIR TERJUN CURUG EMBUN KOTA LUBUKLINGGAU

This study aims to determine the types, diversity index, species evenness index, dominance index, and relative density of macroscopic fungi in the Waterfall area of ​​Curug Embun, Marga Bakti Village, North Lubuklinggau District I. This research is quantitative descriptive. Data collection techniques in this study using the roaming method with sampling using purposive sampling technique. The results of the analysis of the macroscopic fungal diversity index in the Curug Embun Waterfall area were 1.3530, the species evenness index was 0.4516, the dominance index was 0.4776 and the highest relative density was 68.027%. There are 3 edible species and 17 non-edible mushrooms. 17 species of macroscopic mushrooms in the Waterfall area of ​​Curug Embun were found. The diversity index, dominance, and Simpson index are in the medium category. Schizophyllum commune is the most commonly found species.

Insects as a food source for indigenous communities in Colombia: a review and research perspectives

Insects have been used worldwide as a source of food, and edible species are eaten both as immature (eggs, larvae, pupae, and nymphs) and in some cases as adults. In this regard, several scholars and researchers seek to promote an alternative entomological trend and highlight the potential of insects as a high-quality nutritional option. The consumption of various edible species contributes to the nutritional health of indigenous, rural peoples, as well as those individuals who live in urban areas and use this kind of food resource, in accordance with insects’ seasonal abundance. Colombia, due to its sociocultural origin, stands out as one of the Latin American countries that have the habit of consuming insects by presenting both biological and ethnic diversity. However, the use and diversity of edible insects in the country have been little studied. This review summarises the current status related to the knowledge of insects as food resources, with emphasis on ethnic groups established in the country. In Colombia, 69 edible insect species are currently reported, distributed in 49 genera, 27 families and 10 orders, and ingested by approximately 13 ethnic groups belonging principally to the Amazon and Caribbean regions. Guidelines and protocols are provided to establish research priorities in the study and use of edible insects in Colombia. In this way, the proposal of a general framework for the study and conservation of edible insect species, integrating a bioecological, socio-economic and institutional approach, will provide new perspectives for food security in this era of world food scarcity, and can play an interdisciplinary role (forestry, traditional medicine, agriculture, livestock) in mitigating the current global food crisis.

A Generic LC-HRMS Screening Method for Marine and Freshwater Phycotoxins in Fish, Shellfish, Water, and Supplements

Phycotoxins occur in various marine and freshwater environments, and can accumulate in edible species such as fish, crabs, and shellfish. Human exposure to these toxins can take place, for instance, through consumption of contaminated species or supplements and through the ingestion of contaminated water. Symptoms of phycotoxin intoxication include paralysis, diarrhea, and amnesia. When the cause of an intoxication cannot directly be found, a screening method is required to identify the causative toxin. In this work, such a screening method was developed and validated for marine and freshwater phycotoxins in different matrices: fish, shellfish, water, and food supplements. Two LC methods were developed: one for hydrophilic and one for lipophilic phycotoxins. Sample extracts were measured in full scan mode with an Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Additionally, a database was created to process the data. The method was successfully validated for most matrices, and in addition, regulated lipophilic phycotoxins, domoic acid, and some paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins could be quantified in shellfish. The method showed limitations for hydrophilic phycotoxins in sea water and for lipophilic phycotoxins in food supplements. The developed method is a screening method; in order to confirm suspected compounds, comparison with a standard or an additional analysis such as NMR is required.

Antimicrobial Effect of Phytochemicals from Edible Plants

Current strategies of combating bacterial infections are limited and involve the use of antibiotics and preservatives. Each of these agents has generally inadequate efficacy and a number of serious adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial drugs and food preservatives with higher efficacy and lower toxicity. Edible plants have been used in medicine since ancient times and are well known for their successful antimicrobial activity. Often photosensitizers are present in many edible plants; they could be a promising source for a new generation of drugs and food preservatives. The use of photodynamic therapy allows enhancement of antimicrobial properties in plant photosensitizers. The purpose of this review is to present the verified data on the antimicrobial activities of photodynamic phytochemicals in edible species of the world’s flora, including the various mechanisms of their actions.

Effects of NaCl on Hydroponic Cultivation of Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth

Wild edible plant species are often more tolerant to salinity than many crop plants. Considering the salinization of irrigation water that is progressively affecting the Mediterranean region and the market demand for new plant foods, the cultivation of wild edible species could represent a valid alternative to conventional vegetable crops. In this study, Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth, a widespread spontaneous herb of ethnobotanical tradition, was grown for four or six weeks under a greenhouse in a floating system for the production of baby leaves. In order to improve the nutraceutical quality of the tissues, the plants were exposed to the following NaCl concentrations in the nutrient solution: 1.7 (control), 25, 50, and 100 mM. The results showed that a 4-week growing period in a floating system with 50 mM NaCl in the nutrient solution increased the content of bioactive molecules without affecting the fresh yield. After six weeks of cultivation, despite a decrease in biomass production as compared with the control, the leaves of salt-treated plants contained higher levels of bioactive molecules along with lower amounts of nitrate ion.

A review on entomophagy: Natural food insects for ethnic and tribal communities of North-East India

Entomophagy insects are local food/ feed in most parts of the North Malay Archipelago. These insects are a standard natural resource that provides food and economical safety to most ethnic groups of Eastern Himalayas. Entomophagy not only supports the nutritional food security, but also provides the family livelihood to the tribal populations during difficult times of the year. Since, edible insects are great source of supplemental food item that would meet the people’s present and future need, they’re preferred by tribal communities as eggs, nymphs, larvae, pupa and adults insects, and eaten as fried, cooked, roasted or are even consumed as raw repeatedly. In India, a complete of 245 species, 50 families and 10 orders of edible insects have been recorded so far as food and it’s mostly practiced in eight North Eastern States of India. Among the edible species of insects, biggest consumption is of coleopteran species with 24.69%, followed by Hemiptera (22.63%), Orthoptera (17.28%), Hymanoptera (13.17%), Odonata (10.70%), Lepidoptera (5.35%), Isoptera (2.88%), Dictyoptera (2.06%) and therefore the least were Diptera (0.41%) and Ephimeroptera (0.82%). Study of edible insect in India evolved the uncharted natural resources of north-east region and medicinal, traditional beliefs of tribal people. This review paper discuss about the common edible insects consumed by different ethnic and tribal communities in North-east India.

Edible Mushrooms as a Natural Source of Food Ingredient/Additive Replacer

Although mushrooms have been exploited since ancient times because of their particular taste and therapeutic properties, the interest in edible species as a source of ingredients and bioactive compounds is recent. Their valuable nutritional contents in protein, dietary fiber and bioactive compounds make them ideal candidates for use in foods in efforts to improve their nutritional profiles. This trend is in line with the consumer’s growing demand for more plant-based foods. The present review paper explores different studies focused on the use of common edible mushrooms as an ingredient and additive replacer by using them in fresh, dried, or even extract forms, as meat, fat, flour, salt, phosphates, and antioxidant replacers. The replacement of meat, fat, flour, and salt by mushrooms from commercial species has been successful despite sensorial and textural parameters can be affected. Moderate concentrations of mushrooms, especially in powder form, should be considered, particularly in non-familiarized consumers. In the case of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, results are variable, and more studies are necessary to determine the chemical aspects involved.

Developing an efficient DNA barcoding system to differentiate between Lilium species

Background Lilium is an important ornamental bulb, possesses medicinal properties, and is also edible. Species within the Lilium genus share very similar morphology and macroscopic characteristics, thus they cannot be easily and clearly distinguished from one another. To date, no efficient species-specific markers have been developed for classifying wild lily species, which poses an issue with further characterizing its medicinal properties. Results To develop a simple and reliable identification system for Lilium, 45 representative species from 6 sections were used to develop a DNA barcoding system, which was based on DNA sequence polymorphisms. In this study, we assessed five commonly used DNA barcode candidates (ITS, rbcL, ycf1b, matK and psbA-trnH) and five novel barcode candidates obtained from highly variable chloroplast genomic regions (trnL-trnF, trnS-trnG, trnF-ndhJ, trnP-psaJ-rpI33 and psbB-psbH). We showed that a set of three novel DNA barcodes (ITS + trnP-psaJ-rpI33 + psbB-psbH) could be efficiently used as a genetic marker to distinguish between lily species, as assessed by methods including DNAsp, BI and ML tree, and Pair Wise Group (PWG). Conclusions A rapid and reliable DNA barcoding method was developed for all 45 wild Lilium species by using ITS, trnP-psaJ-rpI33, and psbB-psbH as DNA barcoding markers. The method can be used in the classification of wild Lilium species, especially endangered species, and also provides an effective method for selective lily breeding.

Agar Extraction, Physical Properties, FTIR Analysis and Biochemical Composition of Three Edible Species of Red Seaweeds Gracilaria corticata (J. Agardh), Gracilaria dentata (J. Agardh) and Gracilariopsis longissima (S. G. Gmelin)........

Three species of red algae Gracilaria corticata (J. Agardh), Gracilaria dentata (J. Agardh) and Gracilariopsis longissima (S.G. Gmelin), Steentoft, L. M; Irvine and Farnham (formerly Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) were collected from four different sites (Buleji, Hawks Bay, Manora and Paradise Point) of Karachi coast. The G. corticata was the dominant species and the highest yield of agar was compared to other studied species. The physical properties such as gel temperature, melting temperature, density, viscosity and gel strength showed large variations. Interestingly, the gel temperature, melting temperature, density, and gel strength had the highest value in G. corticata samples collected, while gel viscosity recorded the highest value in G. dentata samples. Intensive spectroscopic FTIR analysis was determined in all three species of G. corticata, G. dentata and G. longissima. The bands at 414.7/cm to 3917.2/cm represents stretching and bending vibrations of alcohol O-H, amine N-H, alkane C-H, alkyne C=C, nitriles C=N, carboxyl C=O, nitro aromatic N=O, alkane C-C, nitro methane C-N, aliphatic amines C-N, sulfoxides S=O, alkene C-H alkyl halide C-Cl, C-I groups. The ash content of all studied species (G. corticata, G. dentata and G. longissima) was in the range of 20-30%, while the carbohydrate content was in the range of 22-24%. The results of this study suggested the utilization of our natural resources present in Karachi coast. This could be achieved by determining the quantity and quality of agar in the edible species of Gracilaria/Gracilariopsis.

Seasonal variability of women’s dietary diversity and food provisioning: a cohort study in rural Burkina Faso

Objective: To investigate the seasonal variations of women’s dietary diversity (WDD) (items consumed and food supply) and its linkages with agriculture, market and wild resources. Design: A cohort of 300 women was followed-up over a year to investigate WDD and food sources (production, purchase or foraging). Monthly qualitative 24h-recalls allowed computing WDD Scores from a standard 10-food groups (FG) classification (WDDS-10). Associations between farm/women’s characteristics and WDDS-10 were investigated using multivariate mixed models including interaction terms factor*months. Setting: Tuy province, Burkina Faso Participants: 300 women of reproductive age Results: Both dietary diversity and food sources were seasonal. The mean WDDS-10 was relatively stable from August to January (ranging from 3.1 to 3.5 FG) when farm production predominated. The WDDS-10 gradually increased from February, concomitantly with an increase in food purchases (onions, tomatoes, mangoes), and reached its highest levels (>4 FG) from March to June, when food purchases were still relatively high and when more women consumed foraged fruits (shea plums, wild grapes). Women living on farms owning >3 plough oxen and different animal species had significantly higher WDDS-10 than others (+0.28 and +0.35 FG, respectively). Women who practiced off-farm activities also had higher WDDS-10 than those who did not (+0.21 FG, p<0.05). Other factors, e.g. the number of foraged edible species, provided advantages in terms of dietary diversity only during certain seasons (October-January, P for interaction<0.01). Conclusions: Diversifying women’s diets throughout the year requires complementary interventions aimed at diversifying production, promoting foraging and increasing income-generating activities to enable food purchasing.