scholarly journals Guanicid and PHMG Toxicity Tests on Aquatic Organisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Eva Poštulková ◽  
Radovan Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Desmodesmus Communis ◽  
Cyanobacteria And Algae

The emergence and development of new algicidal products is caused by the ever increasing popularity of garden ponds as well as the use of these products in the fisheries sector, especially for disposal of cyanobacteria and algae. Most frequent means of combating cyanobacteria and algae are applications of algicidal substances. Newly developed algaecides include Guanicid and polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG). The aim of the study was to identify toxic effects of Guanicid and PHMG on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and green algae (Desmodesmus communis). We determined the acute toxicity in fish according to ČSN EN ISO 7346-1, and conducted the freshwater algae growth inhibition test according to ČSN ISO 8692 methodology. For inhibition tests with green algae we chose Guanicid and PHMG concentrations of 0.001, 0.005, and 0.010 ml/L. For fish short-term acute toxicity tests we chose Guanicid concentrations of 0.010, 0.050, 0.150, 0.200, 0.250, and 0.300 ml/L and PHMG concentrations of 0.010, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, and 0.125 ml/L. In case of zebrafish (Danio rerio), the LC50 value for Guanicid is 0.086 ml/L, while the LC50 value for PHMG is 0.043 ml/L. Effects of Guanicid on inhibition of green algae (Desmodesmus communis) appear highly significant (p < 0.010) at a concentration of 0.010 ml/L. For PHMG, these effects are highly significant (p < 0.001) at concentrations of 0.005 and 0.010 ml/L in 48 hours.

Influence of calcium and EDTA on copper ion bioavailability in copper nanoparticle toxicity tests improves understanding of nano-specific effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 467-476
Author(s):  
Halis Boran
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Copper Ion ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Cu Toxicity ◽  
Cu Ions

Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) can release metal ions that are toxic to aquatic organisms; however, whether the toxicity is from metal ions rather than unique “nano-scale” effects of the NPs is unresolved. The present study aimed to compare the toxicity of Cu2+ and Cu-NPs in larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio) to clarify whether toxic effects are attributable to release of Cu ions and to determine the effect of the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and calcium hardness (as CaCO3) on the Cu toxicity. First, the acute toxicity (96-h lethality) of Cu-NPs was determined in comparison to aqueous Cu in larvae exposed to CuSO4, and subsequently, sublethal tests with Cu-NPs and CuSO4 were conducted with additions of EDTA or calcium ions to evaluate alterations in expression of metallothionein-2 ( MT2) gene transcripts (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction). Acute toxicity of Cu in larvae exposed to CuSO4 was greater (LC50 = 226 µg Cu/L) than for larvae exposed to Cu-NPs (LC50 = 648 µg Cu/L). The expression of MT2 increased with Cu concentration ( p < 0.05), and the slope of the linear regression was significantly greater in fish exposed to CuSO4 (slope = 0.090) compared to Cu-NPs (slope = 0.011). Cu2+ was 2.9-fold more toxic than Cu-NPs. The presence of 5 mg/L EDTA and 220 mg/L CaCO3 significantly reduced the expression of MT2 (1.8-fold for EDTA, 2.3-fold for CaCO3) in larvae exposed to CuSO4. For larvae exposed to Cu-NPs, the presence of EDTA reduced the expression of MT2 (1.7-fold) relative to Cu-NP concentration. While Cu-NPs induced MT2 expression, the differences in concentration relationships of MT2 expression between Cu-NPs and CuSO4 indicated that factors other than release of Cu ions from Cu-NPs influenced acute toxicity of Cu-NPs. The conclusion drawn from this ecotoxicological risk assessment was that EDTA and calcium significantly decreased Cu toxicity in freshwater fish.

scholarly journals The acute toxicity of clove oil to fish Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Doleželová ◽  
Stanislava Mácová ◽  
Lucie Plhalová ◽  
Vladimíra Pištěková ◽  
Zdeňka Svobodová
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Oil Composition

Clove oil (active substance eugenol) is an anaesthetic used in aquaculture for stress prevention and prevention of mechanical damage during veterinary procedures. The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of clove oil in two aquarium fish species - zebrafish (Danio rerio) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata), which are considered the most commonly used model organisms in toxicity testing. The semi-static method according to OECD no. 203 (Fish, Acute toxicity test) was used for testing the toxicity of clove oil for juvenile fish. A series of 5 acute toxicity tests was performed, with 10 fish of both species used for each concentration and for the control. The results obtained (number of dead individuals at particular test concentrations) were subjected to a probit analysis using the EKO-TOX 5.2 program in order to determine 96hLC50 clove oil values. The significance of the difference between 96hLC50 values in D. rerio and P. reticulata was tested using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. The 96hLC50 mean value for clove oil was 18.2 ± 5.52 mg·l–1 in juvenile D. rerio and 21.7 ± 0.8 mg·l–1 in P. reticulata. In spite of variability in clove oil composition, acute toxicity values of clove oil for juvenile stages of both fish species were comparable. The results did not show different sensitivities to clove oil in tested fish species. This is the first similar study in these fish species.

scholarly journals Nitrite toxicity assessment in Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Doleželová ◽  
Stanislava Mácová ◽  
Vladimíra Pištěková ◽  
Zdeňka Svobodová ◽  
Iveta Bedáňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Species Specific

Nitrite is a natural component of the nitrogen cycle in the environment. Although it usually occurs in low concentrations, elevated concentrations caused by effluents or affected nitrification process can lead to serious health deterioration of fish. Two aquarium fish zebrafish (Danio rerio) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata) are recommended to use as model organisms in toxicity tests. However, their sensitivity to nitrite can differ. The aim of this study was to define acute toxicity of nitrite by the semistatic method according to OECD No. 203 (Fish, Acute toxicity test). The series of 4 acute toxicity tests was performed, with 10 fish of both species used for each concentration and for the control. The 96hLC50 NO2- value for D. rerio and P. reticulata was 242.55 ± 15.79 mg·l-1 and 30.2 ± 8.74 mg·l-1, respectively. We have proved significant difference (p < 0.05) in sensitivity between D. rerio and P. reticulata. The results showed different sensitivities to nitrites in tested fish species, which could be related to species-specific branchial chloride uptake mechanism. This is the first study on this fish species.

A dip-stick type biosensor using bioluminescent bacteria encapsulated in color-coded alginate microbeads for detection of water toxicity

The Analyst ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (18) ◽  
pp. 4696-4701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insup Jung ◽  
Ho Bin Seo ◽  
Ji-eun Lee ◽  
Byoung Chan Kim ◽  
Man Bock Gu
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Toxic Action ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Bioluminescent Bacteria ◽  
Water Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

The use of genetically engineered bioluminescent bacteria, in which bioluminescence is induced by different modes of toxic action, represents an alternative to acute toxicity tests using living aquatic organisms (plants, vertebrates, or invertebrates) in an aqueous environment.

PREDICTING THE AQUATIC TOXICITY OF CRUDE OILS

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Gala ◽  
Gary A. Rausina ◽  
Michael J. Ammann ◽  
Paul Krause
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Water Accommodated Fractions ◽  
Data Gap

ABSTRACT Aquatic toxicity information is critical to provide scientifically defensible estimates of ecological impact and natural resource injury to aquatic organisms resulting from a petroleum spill. For most crude oils, the availability of aquatic toxicity information is a significant data gap. As part of Chevron's oil-specific properties summary sheet project, a series of marine fish (silversides, top smelt) and invertebrate (mysid shrimp) acute toxicity tests on five crude oils with extensive chemical analysis (e.g., VPH C6–C9, CROSERF VOCs, EPH C10–C32, PAHs) of exposure concentrations have been performed. Acute toxicity studies were conducted under standard test guidelines. ASTM D 6081 procedures were used to prepare individual water extracts, also called water-accommodated fractions (WAFs), of each test concentration to which the test organisms were exposed. WAF preparation and testing was done in tightly closed containers with minimal headspace to reduce volatilization and maintain stable exposure levels of dissolved hydrocarbons as much as possible. Also, WAFs were replenished daily with fresh test solution. Since toxicity results are expressed as the mean exposure concentration of a particular subset of the petroleum compounds in the WAF that resulted in 50% lethality in the test species, the LC50 values in μg/L will vary depending on which subset is used to describe the effect of the oil on the aquatic organisms. Additionally, since the aquatic organisms are exposed to a mixture of hydrocarbons in the WAF, LC50 values expressed as one subset's concentration are not independent of the presence of other petroleum constituent types. The results indicate that generally invertebrates (i.e., mysid) are more sensitive than fish. LC50s expressed as total polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) showed the least variability—96-hour LC50s for total PAHs ranged from 19–36 μg/L and 30–128 μg/L for mysid and fish, respectively.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Acute Toxicity of Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends and Diesel on Aquatic Organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalissa Farrah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Increasing Demand

The increasing demand of alternative energy sources has created interest in biodiesel and biodiesel blends; biodiesel is promoted as a diesel substitute. Like diesel spills, biodiesel spills can have deleterious effects on aquatic environments. The effect of neat biodiesel, biodiesel blends and diesel on O. mykiss and D. magna was evaluated using acute toxicity testing. Static non-renewable bioassays of freshwater organisms containing B100, B50, B20, B5 and conventional diesel fuel were used to compare the acute effects of biodiesel to diesel. Mortality was the significant endpoint measurement in this study; percent mortality and lethal concentration (LC50) at different exposure times were determined from the acute toxicity tests performed. Trials were considered valid if the controls exhibited more than 90% survival. Based on percent mortality and LC50 values, a toxicity ranking of fuels was developed. The results of the definitive tests indicated that diesel is more toxic than neat biodiesel or biodiesel blends. This approach can provide insights into the lethality of biodiesel spills in the aquatic environment.

scholarly journals Use of artificial sediment to assess toxicity of chromium on Chironomus xanthus, Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Fernanda Campagna ◽  
Beatriz Kawamura Rodrigues ◽  
Roberta Corrêa Nogueirol ◽  
Nelsy Fenerich Verani ◽  
Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Chromium Toxicity ◽  
Artificial Sediment ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Artificial Sediments

AIM: Artificial sediments with simple formulations were used to assess the toxicity of Cr to C. xanthus, D. rerio and P. reticulata. METHODS: The organisms were exposed to two sediment formulations: one without organic matter (S0) and one with 1% organic matter (SIII), both contaminated with Cr at concentrations of 90, 180, 360, 720 and 1440 mg/kg for the assays with C. xanthus, and 375, 750, 1500 and 3000 mg/kg for those with the two fish species. Chromium was obtained from the potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). RESULTS: The results of the acute toxicity tests demonstrated a reduction of up to four times in toxicity with the presence of OM, consisting of biodegradable detritus, even at the low concentration used (1%), and that C. xanthus was most sensitive to the metal. The reduction in the chromium toxicity was indicated by the LC50 values, which were higher in SIII (1234.43 mg/kg; 2263.54 m/kg; 2244.48 mg/kg) than in S0 (340.56 mg/kg; 1731.04 mg/kg; 1733.55 mg/kg) for C. xanthus, D. rerio and P. reticulata, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the repeatability of the results obtained, the artificial sediments with simple formulations were satisfactory to assess toxicity and can thus provide reliable results in ecotoxicological studies

scholarly journals CURCUMINOID AND TOXICITY LEVELS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF JAVANESE GINGER (Curcuma xanthorriza) ON BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia salina) LARVAE AND ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) EMBRYOS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustini Syahbirin ◽  
Nurfadilawati Mumuh ◽  
Kusdiantoro Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Pericardial Edema ◽  
Curcuma Xanthorrhiza ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Objective: This study was aimed at determining the levels of curcuminoids and analyzing the toxicity of ethanol extracts of Javanese ginger.Methods: Curcuminoid levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, while the toxicity tests were done on larva of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) by using a brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method and embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using a zebrafish embryo acute toxicity (ZFET) method.Results: The level curcuminoid of ethanol extracts was 10.5% dry wt., consisting of curcumin at the highest percentage (68.06%) followed bydesmethoxycurcumin (24.6%) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (1.41%). In BSLT method, the lethal concentration 50% values (LC) value of our ethanol extract was 238 ppm, whereas in ZFET method, the LC value at 96 hours after fertilization was 80 ppm. The ethanol extract of ginger caused major malformations of the pericardial edema of zebrafish embryos at a concentration of 100 ppm. 50Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza from Bogor contained curcuminoids consisting of curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, with acute toxicity, caused major malformations on the pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos.Keywords: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuminoid, Toxicity, Zebrafish embryo acute toxicity.50

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