PREDICTING THE AQUATIC TOXICITY OF CRUDE OILS

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Gala ◽  
Gary A. Rausina ◽  
Michael J. Ammann ◽  
Paul Krause
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Water Accommodated Fractions ◽  
Data Gap

ABSTRACT Aquatic toxicity information is critical to provide scientifically defensible estimates of ecological impact and natural resource injury to aquatic organisms resulting from a petroleum spill. For most crude oils, the availability of aquatic toxicity information is a significant data gap. As part of Chevron's oil-specific properties summary sheet project, a series of marine fish (silversides, top smelt) and invertebrate (mysid shrimp) acute toxicity tests on five crude oils with extensive chemical analysis (e.g., VPH C6–C9, CROSERF VOCs, EPH C10–C32, PAHs) of exposure concentrations have been performed. Acute toxicity studies were conducted under standard test guidelines. ASTM D 6081 procedures were used to prepare individual water extracts, also called water-accommodated fractions (WAFs), of each test concentration to which the test organisms were exposed. WAF preparation and testing was done in tightly closed containers with minimal headspace to reduce volatilization and maintain stable exposure levels of dissolved hydrocarbons as much as possible. Also, WAFs were replenished daily with fresh test solution. Since toxicity results are expressed as the mean exposure concentration of a particular subset of the petroleum compounds in the WAF that resulted in 50% lethality in the test species, the LC50 values in μg/L will vary depending on which subset is used to describe the effect of the oil on the aquatic organisms. Additionally, since the aquatic organisms are exposed to a mixture of hydrocarbons in the WAF, LC50 values expressed as one subset's concentration are not independent of the presence of other petroleum constituent types. The results indicate that generally invertebrates (i.e., mysid) are more sensitive than fish. LC50s expressed as total polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) showed the least variability—96-hour LC50s for total PAHs ranged from 19–36 μg/L and 30–128 μg/L for mysid and fish, respectively.

Acute and chronic effect of cyaniade on survival rate, behavior, and reproduction of Daphnia sp.

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melky R Pattiwael ◽  
Remy E. P Mangindaan ◽  
Rudi Prabowo ◽  
Inneke F. M Rumengan
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Zooplankton Organism ◽  
Rate Behavior ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Reproduction Pattern ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects ◽  
Ministerial Decree

Cyanide (CN) through leaching process in the gold processing could produce tailings that have negative impacts on the aquatic environment. To determine the acute and chronic effects of cyanide on aquatic organisms, toxicity tests have been conducted in the laboratory using Daphnia sp.This zooplankton organism is recommended by APHA as standard test animals. In this study the test concentrations refer to the Ministerial Decree No. 202 of 2004 and Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001. Cyanide was analyzed as free CN and WADS CN. The result of acute toxicity test using cyanide solution showed that Daphnia could survive a maximum concentration of 0.2 ppm. LC50 values for 24 and 72 hours were 0,59 mg/L and 0,10 mg/l, respectively. The LT50 was found at 42 hours. Daphnia sp. produced different numbers of offspring at different CN concentrations, and changed their reproduction pattern from parthenogenesis to sexual reproduction after exposure to a cyanide concentration of 0.1 ppm for 24 hours©  Sianida (CN) melalui proses leaching dalam proses pengolahan emas menghasilkan limbah yang dapat memberi dampak negatif bagi lingkungan perairan. Untuk mengetahui sampai seberapa jauh CN dapat memberi efek akut dan kronis terhadap biota air, telah dilakukan uji toksisitas di laboratorium dengan menggunakan Daphnia sp. Zooplankton ini direkomendasikan oleh APHA sebagai salah satu hewan uji standar. Dalam penelitian ini konsentrasi uji yang dipakai mengacu pada peraturan yang berlaku, yaitu Keputusan Menteri No. 202, Tahun 2004, dan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82, Tahun 2001. Analisis sianida yang dihitung adalah nilai free CN dan WADS CN. Hasil penelitian uji toksisitas akut dengan menggunakan larutan sianida didapati Daphnia mampu bertahan hidup sampai pada konsentrasi 0,2 ppm dan nilai LC50 berada pada konsentarsi 0,1 ppm serta LT50 pada jam ke 42. Hasil uji efek kronis, Daphnia sp. menghasilkan jumlah anakan yang berbeda pada konsentrasi CN yang berlainan, dan mengalami perubahan pola reproduksi dari partenogenesis menjadi seksual setelah dipaparkan pada kosentrasi sianida 0,1 ppm selama 24 jam©

scholarly journals Challenges in The Regulatory Use of Water Accommodated Fractions for Assessing Complex Substances

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Robert Wheeler ◽  
Delina Lyon ◽  
Carolina di Paulo ◽  
Albania Grosso ◽  
Mark Crane
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Water Accommodated Fractions ◽  
Complex Substance

Abstract The use of the Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) approach for the preparation of exposure systems of complex substances such as petroleum products has been a standard way to perform aquatic toxicity tests on these substances for over 30 years. In this Commentary we briefly describe the historical development, rationale, and guidance for the use and reporting of the WAF approach to assess complex substances. We then discuss two case studies, with coal tar pitch and kerosene/jet fuel, which illustrate challenges from regulatory authorities in Europe and the United States when using the WAF approach. We describe how the WAF approach is the only currently known method for testing the toxicity of the whole of a complex substance, even when some of its constituents remain unknown; it accounts for differences in the solubility of the constituents within a complex substance; and use of loading rates to describe any toxic effects is a unifying concept that allows direct comparison with releases of readily soluble substances in hazard assessment and chemical classification.

Influence of calcium and EDTA on copper ion bioavailability in copper nanoparticle toxicity tests improves understanding of nano-specific effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 467-476
Author(s):  
Halis Boran
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Copper Ion ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Cu Toxicity ◽  
Cu Ions

Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) can release metal ions that are toxic to aquatic organisms; however, whether the toxicity is from metal ions rather than unique “nano-scale” effects of the NPs is unresolved. The present study aimed to compare the toxicity of Cu2+ and Cu-NPs in larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio) to clarify whether toxic effects are attributable to release of Cu ions and to determine the effect of the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and calcium hardness (as CaCO3) on the Cu toxicity. First, the acute toxicity (96-h lethality) of Cu-NPs was determined in comparison to aqueous Cu in larvae exposed to CuSO4, and subsequently, sublethal tests with Cu-NPs and CuSO4 were conducted with additions of EDTA or calcium ions to evaluate alterations in expression of metallothionein-2 ( MT2) gene transcripts (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction). Acute toxicity of Cu in larvae exposed to CuSO4 was greater (LC50 = 226 µg Cu/L) than for larvae exposed to Cu-NPs (LC50 = 648 µg Cu/L). The expression of MT2 increased with Cu concentration ( p < 0.05), and the slope of the linear regression was significantly greater in fish exposed to CuSO4 (slope = 0.090) compared to Cu-NPs (slope = 0.011). Cu2+ was 2.9-fold more toxic than Cu-NPs. The presence of 5 mg/L EDTA and 220 mg/L CaCO3 significantly reduced the expression of MT2 (1.8-fold for EDTA, 2.3-fold for CaCO3) in larvae exposed to CuSO4. For larvae exposed to Cu-NPs, the presence of EDTA reduced the expression of MT2 (1.7-fold) relative to Cu-NP concentration. While Cu-NPs induced MT2 expression, the differences in concentration relationships of MT2 expression between Cu-NPs and CuSO4 indicated that factors other than release of Cu ions from Cu-NPs influenced acute toxicity of Cu-NPs. The conclusion drawn from this ecotoxicological risk assessment was that EDTA and calcium significantly decreased Cu toxicity in freshwater fish.

COOPERATIVE STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF DISPERSANTS AND DISPERSED OIL TO MARINE ORGANISMS: A 3-YEAR FLORIDA STUDY

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 1237-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Wetzel ◽  
Edward S. Van Fleet
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Sciaenops Ocellatus ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Exposure Conditions

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to assess the toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and the chemically enhanced WAF (CE-WAF) of selected crude oils for both weathered and fresh oil. Test organisms included two standard test species, Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina, and a commercially important Florida marine fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. Tests ascertaining LC50 values were conducted under continuous exposure and spiked (declining exposure using flow-through toxicity chambers) conditions using Venezuelan Crude Oil (VCO), Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO), and COREXIT® 9500 dispersant on the above species. Data suggest that the dispersant is less toxic than the WAF and CE-WAF of the tested crude oils. The toxicity of the CE-WAF of fresh VCO is similar to that of other oils under continuous exposure conditions, but may be slightly more toxic to some species under spiked exposure conditions. The CE-WAF of fresh VCO appears to be less toxic than the corresponding WAF for M. bahia, M. beryllina, and S. ocellatus. Fresh VCO appears to be much more toxic to M. bahia and M. beryllina than weathered VCO in spiked exposure tests for both the WAF and CE-WAF. The WAF of PBCO is apparently less toxic to the test organisms than the corresponding WAF of fresh VCO. The LC50 values of M. bahia with CE-WAF fractions of both fresh VCO and PBCO are similar, while the same PBCO CE-WAF fraction is less toxic for M. beryllina than fresh VCO CE-WAF. The toxicity of oils and dispersants were lowest in the spiked exposure weathered oil tests, which may be most representative of an oil spill under natural environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Guanicid and PHMG Toxicity Tests on Aquatic Organisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Eva Poštulková ◽  
Radovan Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Desmodesmus Communis ◽  
Cyanobacteria And Algae

The emergence and development of new algicidal products is caused by the ever increasing popularity of garden ponds as well as the use of these products in the fisheries sector, especially for disposal of cyanobacteria and algae. Most frequent means of combating cyanobacteria and algae are applications of algicidal substances. Newly developed algaecides include Guanicid and polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG). The aim of the study was to identify toxic effects of Guanicid and PHMG on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and green algae (Desmodesmus communis). We determined the acute toxicity in fish according to ČSN EN ISO 7346-1, and conducted the freshwater algae growth inhibition test according to ČSN ISO 8692 methodology. For inhibition tests with green algae we chose Guanicid and PHMG concentrations of 0.001, 0.005, and 0.010 ml/L. For fish short-term acute toxicity tests we chose Guanicid concentrations of 0.010, 0.050, 0.150, 0.200, 0.250, and 0.300 ml/L and PHMG concentrations of 0.010, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, and 0.125 ml/L. In case of zebrafish (Danio rerio), the LC50 value for Guanicid is 0.086 ml/L, while the LC50 value for PHMG is 0.043 ml/L. Effects of Guanicid on inhibition of green algae (Desmodesmus communis) appear highly significant (p < 0.010) at a concentration of 0.010 ml/L. For PHMG, these effects are highly significant (p < 0.001) at concentrations of 0.005 and 0.010 ml/L in 48 hours.

A dip-stick type biosensor using bioluminescent bacteria encapsulated in color-coded alginate microbeads for detection of water toxicity

The Analyst ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (18) ◽  
pp. 4696-4701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insup Jung ◽  
Ho Bin Seo ◽  
Ji-eun Lee ◽  
Byoung Chan Kim ◽  
Man Bock Gu
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Toxic Action ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Bioluminescent Bacteria ◽  
Water Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

The use of genetically engineered bioluminescent bacteria, in which bioluminescence is induced by different modes of toxic action, represents an alternative to acute toxicity tests using living aquatic organisms (plants, vertebrates, or invertebrates) in an aqueous environment.

scholarly journals Challenges in the regulatory use of water-accommodated fractions for assessing complex substances

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Wheeler ◽  
Delina Lyon ◽  
Carolina Di Paolo ◽  
Albania Grosso ◽  
Mark Crane
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Water Accommodated Fractions ◽  
Complex Substance

AbstractThe use of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) approach for the preparation of exposure systems of complex substances such as petroleum products has been a standard way to perform aquatic toxicity tests on these substances for over 30 years. In this Commentary, we briefly describe the historical development, rationale, and guidance for the use and reporting of the WAF approach to assess complex substances. We then discuss two case studies, with coal tar pitch and kerosene/jet fuel, which illustrate challenges from regulatory authorities in Europe and the United States when using the WAF approach. We describe how the WAF approach is the only currently known method for testing the toxicity of the whole of a complex substance, even when some of its constituents remain unknown; it accounts for differences in the solubility of the constituents within a complex substance; and use of loading rates to describe any toxic effects is a unifying concept that allows direct comparison with releases of readily soluble substances in hazard assessment and chemical classification.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Acute Toxicity of Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends and Diesel on Aquatic Organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalissa Farrah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Increasing Demand

The increasing demand of alternative energy sources has created interest in biodiesel and biodiesel blends; biodiesel is promoted as a diesel substitute. Like diesel spills, biodiesel spills can have deleterious effects on aquatic environments. The effect of neat biodiesel, biodiesel blends and diesel on O. mykiss and D. magna was evaluated using acute toxicity testing. Static non-renewable bioassays of freshwater organisms containing B100, B50, B20, B5 and conventional diesel fuel were used to compare the acute effects of biodiesel to diesel. Mortality was the significant endpoint measurement in this study; percent mortality and lethal concentration (LC50) at different exposure times were determined from the acute toxicity tests performed. Trials were considered valid if the controls exhibited more than 90% survival. Based on percent mortality and LC50 values, a toxicity ranking of fuels was developed. The results of the definitive tests indicated that diesel is more toxic than neat biodiesel or biodiesel blends. This approach can provide insights into the lethality of biodiesel spills in the aquatic environment.

The Role of Acute Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Animals in Chemical Registration and Notification Schemes

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (S1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
R Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Test Technique ◽  
Mammalian Toxicity

Existing and proposed chemical registration and notification schemes include a requirement for acute toxicity test data on representative aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate species. These data, taken in conjunction with the pattern of disposal and use of the chemical, its physical and chemical properties, its stability and its potential for biodegradation and transport in the aquatic ecosystem, together with data on mammalian toxicity, contribute towards the initial hazard evaluation. A decision is then made, inter alia, whether further aquatic toxicity tests should be requested. In order to keep such requests to a minimum, it is essential that the maximum amount of useful information should be extracted from the basic toxicity tests. There has been a recent tendency in standard fish toxicity tests to report only the 96-h LC50 together with confidence limits; the statistical treatment of mortality data has been developed to ensure the maximum accuracy of the derived LC50. Such superficial refinements tend to obscure the scope for inaccuracies in these simple biological tests. The data which are of much greater value are a time series of LC50's within the 96-h period (3, 6, 24, 48, 72 h) from which a toxicity curve can be constructed. These curves have been recognised for many years as providing valuable information on the toxicity of chemicals and form a sound foundation on which to judge the validity of the test technique used for a particular chemical, and if necessary the type of further tests required. Examples will be given of various types of curves and their possible interpretations. An essential requisite for obtaining accurate toxicity curves is that the test concentrations of a chemical must be kept as constant as possible. Because of the problems and expense of chemical analyses to check whether concentrations of a substance have remained close to the nominal value in static toxicity tests, the basic test technique should be flow-through; static tests can be used only if the existing chemical, physical and biological data indicate that there will be no significant loss of toxicant from the test solution.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the acute toxicity of the herbicide atrazine to cladocerans Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Macrothrix flabelligera

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Aparecida Moreira ◽  
Adrislaine da Silva Mansano ◽  
Lidiane Cristina da Silva ◽  
Odete Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Tropical Freshwaters ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Herbicide Atrazine ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

AIM: In this study we compared the sensitivity of three species of Cladocera, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Macrothrix flabelligera, to the commercial product of the herbicide Atrazine, the Atrazine Atanor 50 SC® (500 g/L), widely used on crops in Brazil. METHODS: Acute toxicity tests were performed at the nominal atrazine concentrations 2.25, 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, 36 and 72 mg L-1, on C. silvestrii and M. flabelligera and at 2.25, 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, 36, 72 and 144 mg L-1 on D. magna. The range of concentrations tested was established in a series of preliminary tests. RESULTS: The toxicity tests showed that the two species naturally occurring in water bodies in Brazil were more susceptible than Daphnia magna. The effective concentrations of Atrazine Atanor 50 SC® (EC50- 48 h) to the species M. flabelligera, C. silvestrii and D. magna were 12.37 ± 2.67 mg L-1, 14.30 ± 1.55 mg L-1 and 50.41 ± 2.64 mg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, when EC50 observed here for M. flabelligera and C. silvestrii were compared with published values of EC50 or LC50 (mg L-1) for various aquatic organisms exposed to atrazine, it was seen that these two cladocerans were the most sensitive to the herbicide. CONCLUSIONS: Considering these results and the broad distribution of C. silvestrii and M. flabelligera in tropical and subtropical regions, it is concluded that these native species would be valuable test organisms in ecotoxicological tests, for the monitoring of toxic substances in tropical freshwaters.

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