scholarly journals Several Methods of Estrus Detection in Cattle Dams: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Mičiaková ◽  
Peter Strapák ◽  
Iveta Szencziová ◽  
Eva Strapáková ◽  
Ondrej Hanušovský
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Sexual Receptivity ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
Locomotion Activity

The oestrus is defined as a complex of physiological signs and changes of behavior occurring immediately before the ovulation. It is the period of sexual receptivity of the cow and this period characterized by, typical cow behaviour which is standing when mounted by a bull or companion cow. Cow indicates this willingness by a slight arching of the back and immobility when approached. The bovine estrus cycle averages 20 days in heifers and 21 days in cows, but the fluctuations in the cycle length is laying between 18 and 25 days. As a result of this progress often only 50 % of the estrus cycles are recognized, and it is extremely hard to find all cows on heat. We state a few methods for estrus detection such as visual observation, locomotion activity and rumination time measurement and other.

Seasonal effects on behavioral estrus signs and estrus detection efficiency in Holstein heifers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Unalan
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

In the study, 234 Holstein heifers were observed visually during a one-year period and 1622 estrus records were used to determine seasonal effects on behavioral estrus signs and estrus detection efficiency. Estrus records were classified as standing, mounting, vaginal mucus discharging, and the other estrus signs. The rates of these estrus signs were found to be 50.6%, 22.7%, 20.7% and 6.0%, respectively and the differences were significant (P<0.01). These results showed that standing behavior was the most observable estrus sign in Holstein heifers. In addition, the rates of standing behavior in each season (66.2%, 59.7%, 50.4% and 38.0% in summer, fall, spring and winter, respectively) showed that it was also more observable sign than the other signs. The rates of estrus records according to seasons were found to be 34.4%, 32.9%, 23.6% and 9.1% in winter, fall, spring and summer, respectively and the differences were also significant (P<0.01). In the study, the mean overall estrus cycle length was found to be 21.15±1.85 days. The mean overall estrus detection efficiency was calculated as 57.8%. The mean detection efficiencies according to seasons were found to be 79.5%, 75.9%, 54.6% and 21.1% in winter, fall, spring and summer respectively. These results could be interpreted that estrus detection efficiency was decreased significantly with increase of temperature.

193 EVALUATION OF A NOVEL ELECTRONIC ESTRUS DETECTION DEVICE IN RECIPIENTS SYNCHRONIZED FOR EMBRYO TRANSFER

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
T. VanEtten ◽  
F. Ireland ◽  
D. Vandever ◽  
D. Kesler ◽  
M. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Estrus Detection

The ability to detect estrus in cattle is an important aspect for both successful artificial insemination (AI) and successful embryo transfer (ET). The use of estrus detection devices has allowed producers to more precisely determine when to breed their cattle. There have been many types of devices including chin-ball marking harnesses, dye patches, and even electronic devices that monitor the animal's activity. With the growing popularity in timed AI and ET, these devices have again become of great interest. The latest tool for estrus detection is the multi-use TattleTale" Heat Detector (Microdyne Co., LLC., St. Joseph, MO, USA). The TattleTale" is an electronic device that is placed in a patch and affixed to the tail head. It is activated by a 3-s mount with subsequent mounts recorded per h through 12 h. Twelve hours after activation the device flashes indicating that the animal is ready for breeding. Such devices may allow breeders to determine exactly when estrus began as well as identify the peak estrus period, resulting in more accurate determination of optimal time for AI or ET. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of estrus detection devices when analyzing detection records and pregnancy rates. Cows from the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center (Simpson, IL, USA) were randomly separated into two groups based on estrus detection devices, one group receiving Kamar� patches (Kamor, Inc., Steamboat Springs, CO, USA) and the other receiving TattleTales. Both groups were synchronized using the OvSynch protocol (Syntex, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Cows were checked twice each day for four consecutive days, with a fifth day occurring a week later when the embryos were transferred. Estrus results were analyzed using a PROC UNIVARITE and GLM analyses with differences between treatment means determined by the LSD method of SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The TattleTale detected a higher percentage (P < 0.05) of the cows in estrus (92 vs. 70%) than the Kamar� patch. Further, the TattleTale detected more asynchronous recipients (in estrus >48 h before expected) and synchronous recipients (in estrus <24 h than expected), although not significant with this sample size. In the present study, the TattleTale was more accurate in detecting estrus (i.e. fewer pregnancies were observed without estrus detected). Using the TattleTale information, a breeder would be able detect more animals in estrus and determine the most accurate time to breed or transfer embryos. Practically, the use of estrus detection devices in combination with timed AI and ET could allow for the exclusion of animals not in estrus in the optimal time windows for AI or ET, thus saving valuable semen and embryos that would be otherwise wasted on asynchronous females. The advantages of this device to producers include improved pregnancy rates based on timed breeding, lower herd management costs due to reduced quantities of wasted semen or embryos and fewer cows being resynchronized. This device also records any mounting activity missed by visual observation alone. This work was supported by USDA RRF W-1171.

scholarly journals Effect of Intrauterine Infusion of Equine Fresh Platelets-Rich Plasma (PRP) or Lyophilized PRP (L-GFequina) on Ovarian Activity and Pregnancy Rate in Repeat Breeder Purebred Arabian Mares

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1123
Author(s):  
Ahmed Dawod ◽  
Jordi Miro ◽  
Hamed T. Elbaz ◽  
Hossam Fahmy ◽  
Ahmed S. Abdoon
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Estrus Phase

This study was designed to examine the effect of the intrauterine infusion of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or equine lyophilized growth factor (L-GFequina) on the follicular growth, endometrial thickness, estrus cycle length, and pregnancy rate in purebred Arabian mares. A total of 73 purebred Arabian mares who experienced repeat breeding for three successive cycles were randomly divided into the following three groups: control group, without treatment; second Group (PRP group), in which mares were intrauterine infused with 20 mL of fresh PRP on the second day after the end of physic estrus phase; and the third group (L-GFequina Group), consisting of mares that were intrauterine infused with 20 mL of reconstituted lyophilized horse platelets growth factors (L-GFequina) on the second day after the estrus phase. The results showed no significant difference between control and treated groups in the diameter of the preovulatory follicles during the post treatment cycle. The endometrium thickness increased significantly in the L-GFequina and PRP groups ahead of the non-treated group. Intrauterine L-GFequina or PRP administration shortened the estrus cycle length. A higher pregnancy rate was recorded in the L-GFequina and PRP treated mares. In conclusion, the intrauterine infusion of L-GFequina or PRP increased the endometrial thickness and pregnancy rate and could be used to improve fertility in Arabian purebred mares who experienced from repeat breeding.

Estrus detection in dairy cattle: Changes after the introduction of an automated activity monitoring system?

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (03) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Michaelis ◽  
E. Hasenpusch ◽  
W. Heuwieser
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Activity Monitoring ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reproduction Management ◽  
Almost All

Summary Objective: In context of the study farmers using an automated activity monitoring (AAM) system called Heatime were surveyed on estrus detection practices. The aim of the study was to gain an overview of the usual estrus detection methods and especially to learn about the practical aspects of that system. Material and methods: Items addressing farm and animal environment, estrus detection before and after installation of Heatime, reproduction, Heatime management and the far mer’s perception of efficiency were asked. Results: A total of 232 survey forms were returned (58.3% response rate) and 219 surveys could be used for final analysis. Visual observation was the most common practice to detect estrus. After installation of the Heatime system the farmers assessed that the application of hormones for reproduction management decreased. The majority of the responding dairy farmers (93.1%) strongly agreed or agreed that heat detection was higher after the installation of Heatime. Most of them (92.3%) strongly agreed or agreed with the statement that the reproduction management became easier with Heatime. Conclusion: Overall, 94.1% of the responding farm managers were satisfied with the Heatime system and almost all of them (94.5%) would install the system again. Clinical relevance: The results show that the Heatime system is a well accepted estrus detection aid and has the potential to reduce the time needed for estrus detection and might potentially reduce the use of hormones.

scholarly journals Analysis of factors influencing estrus cycle in dairy cows

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 209-223
Author(s):  
Milovan Jovicin ◽  
Tihomir Petrujkic ◽  
Aleksandar Milovanovic ◽  
Milorad Dujakovic ◽  
Dragan Zikic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
Multiple Cycles ◽  
Nutritional Disturbances ◽  
Annual Period

The frequency of interestrus intervals between two inseminations during two annual period, from 1. 4. 2001 - 31. 3. 2003, on a farm with 500 Holstein-Frisian cows and milk production of 5500-6000 kg was analyzed. Periods of 1? months of estrus cycles were presented by histograms for pregnant, nonpregnant and culled cows. Normal and multiple cycles indicate estrus detection errors, and were recorded in 26.70% / 22.73% and 33.25% / 33.77% cows, in the first and second analyzed periods, respectively. Short and prolonged estrus cycles were noted in 12.22% / 4.34%, and 10.07% / 7.36% cows, in the first and second analyzed periods respectively, and indicate nutritional disturbances and embryonal mortality. Disturbed estrus periods were found in 41.31% and 43.10% cows and heifers and were a consequence of other cumulate factors in herd sterility. Herd fertility improvement may be achieved with systematic work on prevention of ovarial dysfunction and proper records management.

219 COMPARISON OF ESTRUS - OVULATION SYNCHRONIZATION TREATMENTS USING HOLSTEIN HEIFERS AS EMBRYO TRANSFER RECIPIENTS

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
H. Ushijima ◽  
N. Tatsuno ◽  
Y. Hara ◽  
T. Mori ◽  
H. Murata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Estrus Synchronization ◽  
Gnrh Analog ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
Rectal Palpation

The Ovsynch system (Pursley et al. 1995 Theriogenology 44, 915–923) has been effectively employed as the synchronization method of recipients for embryo transfer (ET) (Nishisouzu et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 212–213). To establish the most effective Ovsynch system, we experimentally assessed 3 different protocols by comparing resultant estrus-synchronization rates of Holstein heifers and pregnancy rates of the recipients after ET. Holstein heifers averaging 14–15 months old and weighing over 330 kg were used in this study. They were randomly separated into the following 3 groups: (1) Select-synch (SS) group: an intramuscular (IM) injection of 50 �g GnRH analog was given to heifers at a random stage of the estrus cycle, followed 7 days later by 2 IM injections of 7.5 mg PG analog at an interval of 6 h; (2) Co-synch (CS) group: another IM injection of 50 �g GnRH was given to the SS group at 48 h after the first injection of PG; and (3) Heat-synch (HS) group: an IM injection of 0.75 mg estradiol benzoate was given to the SS group at 24 h after the first injection of PG. Estrus detection was evaluated twice daily by visual observation and use of a Heat Mount Detector. All heifers were additionally injected with 1500 IU hCG 5 days after estrus, to ensure favorable luteal function (Nishigai et al. 2001 J. Reprod. Dev. 47, 283–294). Rectal palpation was used to select acceptable recipients, i.e. those having functional corpora lutea (CL) e17 mm in diameter for 7 days after showing estrus (Nishisouzu et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 212–213). The size of CL e17 mm was determined by rectal palpation by skillful transferors. Fresh embryos collected from super-ovulated cattle 7 days after estrus were nonsurgically transferred only into acceptable recipients that had functional CL and were properly synchronized, 7–8 days after estrus. Final diagnosis of pregnancy was carried out 60 days after ET. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test. The HS group showed significantly higher (P &lt; 0.01) rates of estrus synchronization (87/89: 98%) at 24–72 h after PG injection, estrus detection (98%), and acceptable suitability as recipients with a functional CL (92%) compared to those of the SS (185/210: 88%, 87%, and 73%, respectively) and CS (68/81: 84%, 74%, and 69%, respectively) groups. The pregnancy rates of heifers that received an embryo were not significantly different among HS, SS, and CS groups (45/82: 55%, 78/153: 51%, and 25/56: 45%, respectively). However, because the yield rate of acceptable recipients in the HS group was higher than in the other groups, the final pregnancy rates (no. pregnant/no. synchronization treatment) of the HS group (50%) was significantly higher than those of the SS and CS groups (37%; P &lt; 0.05, and 31%; P &lt; 0.01, respectively). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the HS protocol is effective for estrus–ovulation synchronization of Holstein heifers, thus improving the productivity of ET by increasing the yield rates of heifers with a functional CL which leads to acceptable pregnancy results.

scholarly journals Estrus Detection Using Radiotelemetry or Visual Observation and Tail Painting for Dairy Cows on Pasture

1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 2890-2896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.Z. Xu ◽  
D.J. McKnight ◽  
R. Vishwanath ◽  
C.J. Pitt ◽  
L.J. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Estrus Detection

scholarly journals On the evolution of sexual receptivity in female primates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Rooker ◽  
Sergey Gavrilets
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Sexual Receptivity ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Concealed Ovulation

AbstractThere has been much interest in the evolutionary forces responsible for, and underlying the diversity in, female primate reproductive cycles. Some primate species are like humans, sexually receptive to mating throughout their entire estrus cycle, while other species are the opposite, receptive for mere hours out of their several-week cycles. Why is there such prominent variation in sexual receptivity length among primate species? Here we examine the evolutionary trade-offs associated with sexual receptivity length using mathematical modeling. We investigate how various factors, including having ovulation signs present vs. concealed ovulation, female physiological costs, and group size, each influence the length of females’ receptive periods. We find that both continuous receptivity and very short lengths of receptivity are able to evolve. Our model predicts that increasing the impacts of infanticide will increase the length of the female receptive period, emphasizing the possible importance of paternity confusion. Similar effects can also be achieved by increasing the non-genetic benefits provided by males. Overall, our work offers a theoretical framework for understanding the evolution and diversity of mating traits in female primates.

scholarly journals Tampilan Kesuburan Sapi Bali Induk yang Dikawinkan Langsung dengan Pejantan dan Inseminasi Buatan Ketika Estrus Hasil Sinkronisasi Menggunakan PGF2α

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Petrus Kune ◽  
Rini Widyastuti ◽  
Takdir Saili
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
Natural Mating

ABSTRAKAngka kebuntingan sapi bali yang mengalami sinkronisasi estrus dan diinseminasi pada saat estrus muncul masih di bawah 50%. Akan tetapi, persentrasi gejala estrus yang muncul setelah sinkronisasi selalu di atas 85%.  Oleh karena itu, penelitian untuk mengevaluasi tingkat kebuntingan sapi bali setelah sinkronisasi, deteksi estrus dan perkawinan baik kawin alam maupun inseminasi telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan 67 ekor sapi bali induk umur 4-6 tahun yang mempunyai corpus luteum periodik. Penelitian dilakukan sebanyak empat tahap dengan masing-masing tahap selama 22 hari. Semua sapi percobaan dipelihara secara intensif pada 5 pedok yang terpisah dan setiap pedok ditempatkan 4 ekor sapi bali induk dan seekor pejantan. Hormon estron digunakan untuk sinkronisasi induk sapi percobaan dengan dosis 5 ml/ekor secara intra muscular, selanjutnya dilakukan induk sapi dikawinkan pada hari pertama sampai kelima setelah sinkronisasi dan deteksi estrus. Deteksi estrus diperpanjang sampai dengan akhir siklus estrus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 91,05% sapi percobaan mengalami estrus setelah sinkronisasi sedangkan gejala estrus muncul mulai hari pertama sampai hari kelima (rata-rata hari ke 3) setelah sinkronisasi.  Angka kebuntingan yang diperoleh rata-rata 27,87%.  Estrus alami (terjadi setelah estrus sinkronisasi) mulai muncul setelah 6-13 hari (rata-rata 8 hari) estrus hasil sinkronisasi muncul.Kata Kunci: estrus, kebuntingan, PGF2α  Therefore, the experiment related to evaluation of conception rate of bali cow following synchronization, estrus detection and natural mating or artificial insemination was conducted using 67 bali cow aged 4-6 y.o. that has periodic corpus luteum. The experiment was conducted in four sequent periods (22 days each).  All animal was kept intensively in 5 separate paddocks where each paddock was allocated five animals (4 cows+1 bull).  Estron contained PGF2α was injected intramuscular (5 ml/head) to all cows for synchronization while mating (natural mating and artificial insemination) was conducted during 1-5 days following synchronization and estrus detection.  Estrus detection was prolonged up to the end of estrus cycle. The results showed that 91.05% of synchronized cow was estrus, while the estrus sign occurred on day 1-5 (day 3 in average) after synchronization. Conception rate gained in this experiment was 27.87%.  Natural estrus that occurred following synchronized estrus varied between 6-13 days (8 days in average) after synchronized estrus occurred.Keywords: conception, estrus, PGF2α, synchronization  

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