A Measurement Device for Online Monitoring of Total Tar in Gasification Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gredinger ◽  
D. Schweitzer ◽  
H. Dieter ◽  
G. Scheffknecht
Keyword(s):  
Online Monitoring ◽  
Filter Material ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Producer Gas ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Difference Measurement ◽  
The University

Tars produced during the thermal conversion of coal or especially biomass is one of the major obstacles for the application of gasification systems. They limit the use of the producer gas in engines or turbines or, in further processes like in methanization or conversion to other secondary fuels or chemicals, without further gas cleaning. The determination of the tar content with conventional methods is very time consuming and does not allow continuous online monitoring of the gas quality. One approach to avoid these drawbacks is an automatic system developed at the University of Stuttgart that monitors the tar concentration in the producer gas online and semicontinuous during the gasification process. The technique is based on a flame ionization detector (FID) difference measurement of the hydrocarbons in the producer gas, where the condensable hydrocarbons—the tars—are condensed on a suitable filter material. This work shows the further development of the measurement technique, the choice of a suitable tar filter material for the underlying difference measurement, and a first verification of the system with real producer gas at a 20 kWth bench scale gasifier.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic study on vapour-liquid equilibrium of toluene and several types of oil as absorbent

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hendriyana ◽  
S Suhartono ◽  
Herri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermodynamic Study ◽  
Producer Gas ◽  
Liquid Equilibrium ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Cleaning System ◽  
Tar Oil ◽  
High Boiling Point

Thermodynamic study on vapour-liquid equilibrium of toluene and several types of oil as absorbent Gas cleaning system is one of important step in the utilization of biomass via gasification process. The producer gas obtained from the gasification process must be very clean before it is used in an internal combustion engine. In order to gaseous fuel get cleaned with a tar content below 100 mg/Nm3, a gas cleaning system using scrubbing oil is being developed and taking the advantage of a lower vapour pressure of oil than scrubbing water. Study on vapour-liquid equilibrium is being conducted to understand the phenomena taking place in the absorption of tar with oil. In our present study, the producer gas containing tar is represented using air containing toluene. This producer gas model with a toluene or benzene concentration then bubbled with a rate of 27.6 mL/min into a bath of oil at a various temperature. The progress of absorption of tar model in oil measured gas chromatography until saturated condition. Considering that the concentration of toluene in the gas stream is very low, the toluene and oil vapour-liquid equilibrium follows the Henry’s law. Prediction of Henry’s constants is also carried out using UNIFAC-FV model which is known to be suitable for hydrocarbon gases and high-boiling point hydrocarbon solvent. Keywords: tar, oil, Henry’s constant AbstrakSistem pembersihan gas merupakan salah satu langkah penting dalam pemanfaatan biomassa melalui proses gasifikasi. Gas produser yang dihasilkan dari proses gasifikasi harus sangat bersih sebelum digunakan dalam mesin pembakaran internal. Untuk mendapatkan bahan bakar gas yang bersih dengan kandungan tar di bawah 100 mg/Nm3. Sebuah sistem pembersihan gas dengan menggunakan minyak sebagai media penyerap dikembangkan dengan mengambil keuntungan dari tekanan uap minyak lebih rendah air penyerap. Studi kesetimbangan uap-cair yang dilakukan untuk memahami fenomena yang terjadi dalam penyerapan tar dengan minyak. Dalam kami studi ini, gas produser yang mengandung direpresentasikan dengan udara yang mengandung toluena. Model gas produser ini dibuat dengan menggelembungkan konsentrasi benzena atau toluena dengan laju 27,6 mL/menit ke dalam bak minyak pada berbagai suhu. Kemajuan penyerapan model tar dalam minyak diukur dengan cromathograpy gas sampai dengan kondisi jenuh. Mengingat konsentrasi toluena dalam aliran gas sangat rendah, maka kesetimbangan uap-cair toluena dan minyak mengikuti hukum Henry. Konstanta Henry juga dapat diprediksi dengan menggunakan model UNIFAC-FV yang cocok untuk gas hidrokarbon dan pelarut hidrokarbon dengan titik didih tinggi. Kata kunci: tar, minyak, konstanta Henry

Flame ionization detector response to coeluting hydrocarbons and carbon disulphide and its application to the determination of the sum of C6-C11 alkanes and cycloalkanes in air

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 722-734
Author(s):  
Martin Koval
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Disulphide ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
Column Temperature ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Flame Ionisation Detector ◽  
Ionisation Detector

The flame ionisation detector response to C6-C11 aliphatic hydrocarbon solutions in carbon disulphide in the concentration range between 1.3-9.5 mg ml-1 retained lineary despite the excess of solvent entering the detector simultaneously with the analyte. Pure carbon disulphide exhibited a small positive detector response which did not interfere in calibration procedure and which, under certain GC conditions, inverted to negative values. This response was not proportional to the injected volume and was strongly influenced by the column temperature and/or bleed. On the basis of these findings, a method compatible with the widely used charcoal tube carbon disulphide desorption procedure was developed and evaluated. It consists of static desorption of the sum of aliphatic alkanes and cycloalkanes from the activated charcoal after which an internal standard is added to the supernatant eluate. The resulting carbon disulphide solution is analysed on a highly polar stationary phase 1,2,3-tris(2-cyanoethoxy)propane where the solvent and the analyte coelute in a single peak, the height of which is practically proportional to the sum of alkanes and cycloalkanes present. This also makes determinations of other substances present in the sample more simple. The field test of the proposed method yielded values comparable in precision and accuracy with a control infrared spectrophotometric method.

Improved Cleanup and Derivatization for Gas Chromatographic Determination of Monosodium Glutamate in Foods

1983 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1528-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nakanishi
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Acid Derivative ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Flame Ionization Detection ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure

Abstract A gas chromatographic procedure is described for determining monosodium glutamate (MSG) in several types of food. A sample is extracted with acetone- water (1 + 1). Acetone is evaporated and an aliquot of the extract is buffered with 1M NH4OH-1M NH4CI pH 9 solution, and chromatographed directly on a column of QAE Sephadex A-25 that has been pretreated with the same buffer. MSG is eluted with 0.1N HC1, and a portion of the eluate is evaporated to dryness and reacted with dimethylformamide( DMF)-dimethylacetal to form the glutamic acid derivative, which is injected into a gas chromatograph and measured by flame ionization detection. Recoveries of MSG from sample fortified at 5-500 mg ranged from 92.8 to 100%.

scholarly journals Quality assessment of gas produced from different types of biomass pellets in gasification process

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Mikeska ◽  
Jan Najser ◽  
Václav Peer ◽  
Jaroslav Frantík ◽  
Jan Kielar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cleaning Technology

Gas from the gasification of pellets made from renewable sources of energy or from lower-quality fuels often contains a number of pollutants. This may cause technical difficulties during the gas use in internal combustion gas engines used for energy and heat cogeneration. Therefore, an adequate system of gas cleaning must be selected. In line with such requirements, this paper focuses on the characterization and comparison of gases produced from different types of biomass during gasification. The biomass tested was wood, straw, and hay pellets. The paper gives a detailed description and evaluation of the measurements from a fix-bed gasifier for the properties of the produced gases, raw fuels, tar composition, and its particle content before and after the cleaning process. The results of elemental composition, net calorific value, moisture, and ash content show that the cleaned gases are suitable for internal combustion engine-based cogeneration systems, but unsuitable for gas turbines, where a different cleaning technology would be needed.

scholarly journals Green energy technology from buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) for Brazilian agro-extractive communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munique Gonçalves Guimarães ◽  
Rafael Benjamin Werneburg Evaristo ◽  
Augusto César de Mendonça Brasil ◽  
Grace Ferreira Ghesti
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Immediate Analysis

AbstractThe present work analyzed the energy generation potential of Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) by thermochemical reactions. The experimental part of the study performed immediate analyses, elemental analyses, lignocellulosic analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, calorific values, and syn gas concentrations measurements of the gasification of Buriti in a fixed-bed reactor. Additionally, numerical simulations estimated the syn gas concentrations of the gasification reactions of Buriti. The immediate analysis showed that Buriti has the highest ash content (4.66%) and highest volatile matter content (85%) compared to other Brazilian biomass analyzed, but the higher heating value was only 18.28 MJ.kg−1. The elemental analysis revealed that the oxygen to carbon ratio was 0.51 while hydrogen to carbon ratio was 1.74, indicating a good thermal conversion efficiency. The Lignocellulosic analysis of Buriti resulted in a high content of holocellulose (69.64%), a lignin content of 28.21% and extractives content of 7.52%. The thermogravimetry of the Buriti indicated that the highest mass loss (51.92%) occurred in a temperature range between 150 °C and 370 °C. Lastly, the experimental gasification study in a fixed-bed updraft gasifier resulted in syn gas concentrations of 14.4% of CO, 11.5% of CO2 and 17.5% of H2 while the numerical simulation results confirmed an optimal equivalence ratio of 1.7 to maximize CO and H2 concentrations. Therefore, based on the results presented by the present work, the gasification process is adequate to transform Buriti wastes into energy resources. Graphic abstract

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