Modeling of Filter Cake Composition in Maximum Reservoir Contact and Extended Reach Horizontal Wells in Sandstone Reservoirs

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Badr S. Bageri ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Saleh H. Al-Mutairi
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Well ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Circulation Rate ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Horizontal Section ◽  
Rock Composition ◽  
Sandstone Formation

Drilling mud should be properly designed to build an effective filter cake on the formation face during the drilling process. This filter cake should be removable to allow the oil and gas production. The need for removal increases when the liftoff pressure is high or when the formation drawdown is extremely low. An effective filter cake removal design includes the knowledge of the filter cake composition along the horizontal section. This paper, for the first time, introduces material balance model to predict the composition of the filter cake along the length of the lateral of an actual horizontal well drilled in a sandstone formation. The model is based on the material balance of two sources of solids: the first one is the drilling fluid solids and the second one is the drilled-formation solids. The mud used to drill the rock was contaminated by the drilled-formation solids. The parameters used to construct the model were composition of the mud and formation, efficiency of each separation stage, rate of penetration (ROP), and mud circulation rate. The model was validated with actual mud samples collected from different locations along the horizontal section of a sandstone formation. The model showed that the sand content in the filter cake is affected by ROP, rock composition, mud composition and volume, and efficiency of sand separation equipment. We came up with several correlations that can be used to design the drilling fluid operations in horizontal well to avoid the formation of irremovable filter cake.

Effect of Sand Content on the Filter Cake Properties and Removal During Drilling Maximum Reservoir Contact Wells in Sandstone Reservoir

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Badr S. Ba geri ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Saleh. H. Al-Mutairi ◽  
Abdulazeez Abdulraheem
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Flow Line ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Horizontal Section ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Sandstone Reservoir ◽  
Sandstone Formation

The drilling mud program contains many tests such as filtration rate and filter cake properties to select the proper drilling fluid additives that yield the standard ranges of the viscosity, filtration rate, etc. However, the physical and chemical changes in the mud composition during the mud circulating will cause changes to the filter cake properties. The changes in the filter cake properties should be considered in the mud design program to prevent the problems associated with the change in the drilling fluid properties. For long horizontal wellbores penetrating plastic formations, the two sources of solids in filter cake are drilling chemical additives and formation cuttings (sand particles in the case of sandstone reservoir). This study focuses on the effect of introducing sand particles from the drilled—formations on the filter cake properties. Real drilling fluid samples from the field were collected at different location during drilling a 3600 ft of the horizontal section of a sandstone formation. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) was used as weighting material in this filed. The drilling fluid samples were collected at two different points: the flow line coming from the well after shale shaker and the flow line going to the well to verify the effect of separation stages on filter cake properties. The primary drilling fluid properties of the collected samples were measured such as density and rheological parameters. High pressure high temperature (HPHT) filter press was used to perform the filtration and filter cake experiments at 300 psi differential pressure and room temperature (25 °C). The mineralogy of the external filter cake formed by fluid loss cell is determined using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction). Finally, solubility test was conducted to evaluate the effect of sand particles on filter cake removal (containing Calcium Carbonate as weighting material) using chelating agent: glutamic diacetic acid (GLDA) at pH 4. The results showed that for long horizontal sections, the effect of introducing sand particles to the composition of the filter cake can cause significant change to the properties of filter cake such as mineralogy, thickness, porosity, and permeability. For instant the thickness of filter cake increased about 40% of its original thickness when drilling sandstone formation in horizontal well due to fine sand particle settling. The filter cake porosity and permeability increment in the first 2000 ft part of the horizontal section was observed clearly due to the irregular shape of the drilling particles. However for the points after the first 2000 ft of horizontal lateral, the porosity and permeability almost remained constant. Increasing the sand content up to 20% degrade the dissolution rate of calcium carbonate in the GLDA (pH = 3.8) to 80% instead of 100%.

Performance Evaluation and Application of the Non-Clay Weak Gel Drilling Fluid for Daniudi Gas Field

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2861-2864
Author(s):  
Wan Long Huang ◽  
Yi Shan Lou ◽  
Xiao Yong Ma ◽  
Hai Min Xu ◽  
Qiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Property ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Horizontal Section ◽  
Good Ability ◽  
Weak Gel ◽  
Reservoir Protection

Daniudi Gas Field reservoir has low degree of porosity and permeability, thus it is highly susceptible to the invasion of the solid phase of clay particles in the drilling fluid during the drilling process, in view of these problems, we introduce the non-clay weak gel drilling fluid system. Experiments of the drilling fluid system for rheological property, salt-resisting pollution, hot rolling rate of recovery, reservoir damage evaluation and drilling fluid treating chemical opimization have been taken. The experimental results show that the drilling fluid system has excellent temperature-resisting and salt-resisting character, good ability of suspending debris and strong inhibitory action, its rheological property can meet the needs of the long horizontal section of drilling engineering and the reservoir protection effect is excellent. In DP21 well horizontal section construction, each performance indicator of the drilling fluid can be controlled well and effectively solve the problems of cuttings carrying, borehole wall stability and reservoir protection, successfully completed the DP21 well drilling construction task.

The Practice and Cognition of Tracing with Drilling in Fish Bone Horizontal Well

2012 ◽  
Vol 594-597 ◽  
pp. 226-229
Author(s):  
Kai Chun Yu ◽  
Yan Zhu ◽  
Xiao Xing Li ◽  
Shi Feng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Well ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Horizontal Section ◽  
Well Production ◽  
The North ◽  
Comprehensive Exploitation ◽  
Horizontal Length ◽  
Oilfield Development

The branch well G8-33-H1Z is the first fishbone horizontal well of Daqing. The fishbone horizontal well is one type of the branch horizontal wells, which drilling again two or more branch holes in the horizontal section of the horizontal well. This well lies in G21 block where is near to the west of Daqing oilfield Changyuan area and the northeast of G20 of the north Gaotaizi oilfield. The purpose of the drilling is using branch horizontal well to control more areal reserves and increasing drainable area to improve well production. This technique can improve the economic benefit of oilfield development, which saves drilling investment, makes full use of the upper borehole to improve the comprehensive exploitation degree of the reservoir and achieves highly efficient development using less well. This well has two horizontal branches, and puts ‘trunk-branch-trunk-branch’ into effect while drilling. The first branch designed horizontal length 150m. The second branch designed horizontal length 150m. This paper introduced the tracing with drilling process of Daqing first fishbone horizontal well, and also described the complex situations and the treatment methods while drilling wellbore trajectory and constructing well and the development effect. Finally some suggestions were put forward about tracing with drilling in fishbone horizontal well.

scholarly journals A simple NMR methodology for evaluating filter cake properties and drilling fluid-induced formation damage

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1643-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrauf R. Adebayo ◽  
Badr S. Bageri
Keyword(s):  
Filter Cake ◽  
Rock Sample ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Secondary Damage ◽  
Volume Porosity ◽  
Filtration Loss ◽  
Cake Removal

Abstract An efficient drilling fluid will form a filter cake that will minimize the drilling fluid invasion into any drilled formation. Drilling fluid must therefore be adequately evaluated in the laboratory prior to field trial. Filter cake properties such as thickness, porosity, permeability, and pore structure are frequently evaluated using several techniques such as CT scan, SEM, and XRF. However, each of these techniques can evaluate only one or two filter cake properties. This paper presents a simple but novel NMR technique to evaluate filter cake properties such as thickness, pore volume, porosity, and possibly permeability. Furthermore, the amount and particle size distribution of solids that invaded a given rock sample can be obtained using the same technique. The full procedure was tested and verified using four identical rock samples. Drilling fluid invasion and filter cake deposition experiments were conducted on each of the samples, using the same drilling fluid but four different concentrations of fluid loss additive. NMR T2 relaxation measurements were taken at three different stages of each rock sample: before filter cake deposition; after fluid invasion and filter cake deposition; and after filter cake removal. A material balance analysis of the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the measured T2 profile at the different stages of each sample yielded multiple filtration loss properties of the filter cake. The results obtained showed high accuracy of the NMR versus the current techniques. Moreover, this current method evaluated the majority of the filter cake properties at the same time and in situ hence eliminated the need of using multi-procedures that disturb the sample state. Finally, the presented method can also be used to evaluate secondary damage associated with filter cake removal process.

scholarly journals Drag-Reduction Performance Evaluation of Controllable Hybrid Steering Drilling System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jianyan Zou ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Tianshou Ma ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Xingming Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Vertical Section ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drag Torque ◽  
Horizontal Section ◽  
Drilling System ◽  
Friction Reducing

The excessive drag/torque and the backing pressure is an important factor that restricts the improvement of the penetration rate and the extension of the drilling in the sliding drilling process of extended-reach wells and horizontal wells. To deal with this problem, this paper developed a novel controllable hybrid steering drilling system (CHSDS) based on the friction-reducing principle of a rotating drill string. The CHSDS is composed of a gear clutch, hydraulic system, and measurement and control system. By controlling the meshing and separation of the clutch with the mud pulse signal, the CHSDS has two working states, which leads to two boundary conditions. Combined with the stiff-string drag torque model, the effects of the drilling parameters on the friction-reducing performance of the CHSDS are analyzed systematically. The results show that the friction reduction effect in the inclined section is the most significant, followed by that in the horizontal section, whereas there is almost no impact in the vertical section. Friction reduction increases with the rotary speed and the drilling fluid density, whereas it decreases with the increase in the surface weight-on-bit and the bit reaction torque. Field tests confirm the separation and meshing function of the CHSDS. The developed controllable hybrid steering and friction-reducing technology provides an alternative approach for the safe and high-efficiency drilling of horizontal wells.

A Novel Approach of Cuttings Transport with Bubbles in Horizontal Wells

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 1314-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Ying Li ◽  
Guan Cheng Jiang ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Wei Xing Xu ◽  
Zhi Heng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Cuttings Transport ◽  
Horizontal Section ◽  
Transport Effect ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cutting Bed

Aiming at the cutting bed settling problems in horizontal section during drilling process, a novel additive FGC for cuttings transport is applied. The experimental results show that the wettability was converted to amphiphobic and the cuttings preferentially attached to gas bubbles after FGC adsorption on the cuttings’ surface. The surface area of the cuttings is increased and the density of it is reduced, making cuttings more easily to be driven by liquid and settlement decrease. Tested by the horizontal simulation device, the cuttings transport effect is good and most of cuttings can be circulated to the outlet position by drilling fluid.

Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Crack Network in Shale by CT

2014 ◽  
Vol 568-570 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Qing Hua Sun ◽  
Jin Gen Deng ◽  
Zhuo Chen ◽  
Yong Meng Xu ◽  
Heng Lin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Horizontal Well ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Fracture Plane ◽  
Chromatographic Technique ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Crack Network ◽  
Wellbore Instability ◽  
Shale Formation

During the drilling process of shale gas horizontal well, wellbore instability problem happens frequently. Especially in the horizontal interval, shale which has high levels of gamma is more likely to collapse which lead to delays, and exist certainly collapse period. The development of shale gas is restricted seriously. Research on the formation process of cracks network around the wellbore by CT chromatographic technique. The result reveals that under the condition of uniaxial compression, the cracks initiated inside the shale formation around the wellbore, with the propagation of cracks, between the orientation of cracks and the maximum stress direction will emerge a certain deviated angle. The drilling fluid filtrates into the formation and reduce the strength of rock which will prompt crack propagation and form crack network. Finally the wellbore will collapse with drilling fluid continuous invasion, because the invasion have altered the stress intensity factor at fracture tip, and changed the propagating direction of crack and the friction coefficient of fracture plane, which will reduce the strength of rock and the effective stress of the rock around the wellbore. Crack network dominates the mechanism of instability; mud weight increases do not necessarily lead to a more stable borehole and can further destabilize the wellbore.

scholarly journals Effect of Arenite, Calcareous, Argillaceous, and Ferruginous Sandstone Cuttings on Filter Cake and Drilling Fluid Properties in Horizontal Wells

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badr S. Bageri ◽  
Mohammed Benaafi ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Shirish Patil ◽  
Abdelmjeed Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
The Impact

Fine, small-size, drilled cuttings, if not properly separated using mud conditioning equipment at the surface, are circulated with the drilling fluid from the surface to the bottom hole. These drilled cuttings have a significant effect on the drilling fluid properties and filter cake structure. During drilling long lateral sandstone formations, different cuttings with varied properties will be generated due to sandstone formations being heterogeneous and having different mineralogical compositions. Thus, the impact of these cuttings on the drilling fluid and filter cake properties will be different based on their mineralogy. In this paper, the effect of different sandstone formation cuttings, including arenite (quartz rich), calcareous (calcite rich), argillaceous (clay rich), and ferruginous (iron rich) sandstones, on the filter cake and drilling fluid properties was investigated. Cuttings of the mentioned sandstone formations were mixed with the drilling fluid to address the effect of these minerals on the filter cake thickness, porosity, and permeability. In addition, the effect of different sandstone formation cuttings on drilling fluid density and rheology, apparent viscosity (AV), plastic viscosity PV), and yield point (YP) was investigated. High-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) fluid loss test was conducted to form the filter cake. The core sample’s petrophysical properties were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of this work indicated that all cutting types increased the rheological properties when added to the drilling fluid at the same loadings but the argillaceous sandstone (clay rich) has a dominant effect compared to the other types because the higher clay content enhanced the rheology. From the filter cake point of view, the ferruginous sandstone improved the filter cake sealing properties and reduced its thickness, while the argillaceous cuttings degraded the filter cake porosity and permeability and allowed the finer cuttings to penetrate deeply in the filter medium.

Integrated Workflow Solutions Deliver Breakthrough in Sichuan Shale Gas Drilling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhe Li ◽  
Liang Tang ◽  
Ye Zhuang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Yifan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Geomechanical Analysis ◽  
Delivery Efficiency

Abstract The Sichuan shale gas deposits are in remote, mountainous regions and the gas-bearing rocks are deep and in tectonically complicated areas. The plan to make shale gas account for more than 40% of the Chinese total natural gas production by 2040 requires shorter well delivery periods and higher well productions. It is therefore crucial to improve the overall drilling efficiency with the limited rig capability and geological challenges. To improve capital efficiency, a multi-disciplinary approach integrating subsurface understanding with well engineering and drilling practices was implemented. Central to this drilling optimization effort are risk mitigation strategies, utilizing solutions based on robust geomechanical understanding and critical drilling experience reviews, engineered to improve wellbore placement, drilling fluid formulation, and bit and BHA designs. A novel wellbore-strengthening oil-based mud system was implemented to maintain shale stability. A rotary steerable drilling system and reservoir navigation technology were deployed together with the application of specific poly-crystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit design. A new-generation advanced cuttings analysis method was also applied with the lithology, organic matter and fracability of rock could be evaluated in real time to assist the reservoir navigation during the drilling. This integrated solution was deployed in the drilling of 8 ½" holes of Changning Shale gas field. A cross-functional team was formed so that the operator, the drilling contractor and the service company can collaborate closely with expertise across multiple functions and disciplines. Suitable mud weight was provided by the detailed geomechanical analysis to account for the high pore pressure and near bed-parallel drilling conditions. To place the laterals in the thin targeted sub-layer with high TOC, a rotary steerable system (RSS) with azimuthal GR provide not only precise steering and directional controls, but also enable increased reservoir coverage by expanding the lateral section as well as drilling the build and horizontal sections in a single run without BHA trips. The combination of RSS with specialized bits as an optimized bit and BHA system maximizes the steering performance while delivering superior borehole quality by reducing drill string vibration and the minimizing mechanical specific energy, all of which contribute to the overall improvement in the well delivery efficiency. This integrated drilling solution has achieved remarkable results by doubling the average rate of penetration (ROP) to 15.5m/h compared to an offset well on the same pad of 7.4m/h. The well was placed successfully in the targeted zone with a 100% reservoir contact. And the total drilling time was shortened by 40% compared to similar wells nearby. The integrated solution has brought breakthrough to improve the well delivery efficiency in the China shale gas development. This paper describes the integrated workflow solutions and detailed technical optimizations of the 8 ½" section drilling process.

A Systematic Approach to De-Risk and Improve Shale Gas Horizontal Well Drilling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Jiaxin Zeng ◽  
Jiajun Xie ◽  
Liang Tang ◽  
Wenzhe Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Horizontal Well ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Well Drilling

Abstract Horizontal well drilling contribute to a dramatic increase of shale gas production in unconventional reservoirs. However, the drilling is also risky and challenging with different types of drilling problems often encountered including stuck pipes, inflows, losses and pack-offs, etc. To reduce shale-gas development costs, shale gas operators are faced with finding effective solutions to minimize drilling risks and improve drilling efficiency. A holistic workflow, which can be divided into three steps: pre-drilled modelling and assessment, real-time monitoring, and post-drilled validation, is proposed. Based on the pre-drilled geomechanical modeling, mud weights, mud formulations and casing setting depths are optimized to ensure wellbore stability during the drilling process. Real-time operations involve monitoring drilling parameters and cavings characteristics (shape and volume), and providing updated recommendations for field drilling engineers to mitigate and reduce borehole instability related problems. During the post-drilled stage, the updated geomechanical model will be used for optimizing the drilling designs of upcoming wells. With geomechanics as foundation, a systematic workflow was developed to provide integrated solutions by using multiple technologies and services to reduce serious wellbore instability caused by abnormal formation pressures, wellbore collapse and other complex drilling problems. The implementation of the systematic and holistic workflow has proven to be extremely successful in supporting the drilling of shale gas wells in China. The integrated approach, which was applied in a Changning shale gas block in Sichuan Basin for the first time in March 2019, recorded an improvement in ROP by 111.2% and a reduction in mud losses by 89.9% compared with an offset well without the risk mitigation strategy applied in the same pad. The geomechanics-based approach provides a convenient and effective means to assist field engineers in mud weight optimization, drilling risk assessments, and horizontal well drilling performance evaluation. The approach can also be extended to reduce potential drilling risks and improve wellbore stability, all of which contributes to reducing drilling costs and optimizing subsequent massive hydraulic fracturing jobs.

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