scholarly journals Metal Additive Manufacturing: Cost Competitive Beyond Low Volumes

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rianne E. Laureijs ◽  
Jaime Bonnín Roca ◽  
Sneha Prabha Narra ◽  
Colt Montgomery ◽  
Jack L. Beuth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Factors

Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly of interest for commercial and military applications due to its potential to create novel geometries with increased performance. For additive manufacturing to find commercial application, it must be cost competitive against traditional processes such as forging. Forecasting the production costs of future products prior to large-scale investment is challenging due to the limits of traditional cost accounting's ability to handle both the systemic process implications of new technologies and the cognitive biases in humans' additive and systemic estimates. Leveraging a method uniquely suited to these challenges, we quantify the production and use economics of an additively manufactured versus a traditionally forged GE engine bracket of equivalent performance for commercial aviation. Our results show that, despite the simplicity of the engine bracket, when taking into account the part redesign for AM and the associated lifetime fuel savings of the additively designed bracket, the additively manufactured part and design is cheaper than the forged one for a wide range of scenarios, including at higher volumes of 2000–12,000 brackets per year. Opportunities to further reduce costs include accessing lower material prices without compromising quality, producing vertical builds with equivalent performance to horizontal builds, and increasing process control so as to enable reduced testing. Given the conservative nature of our assumptions as well as our choice of part, these results suggest that there may be broader economic viability for additively manufactured parts, especially when systemic factors and use costs are incorporated.

scholarly journals Planting Systems for Modern Olive Growing: Strengths and Weaknesses

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Riccardo Lo Bianco ◽  
Primo Proietti ◽  
Luca Regni ◽  
Tiziano Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Cultivar Diversity

The objective of fully mechanizing olive harvesting has been pursued since the 1970s to cope with labor shortages and increasing production costs. Only in the last twenty years, after adopting super-intensive planting systems and developing appropriate straddle machines, a solution seems to have been found. The spread of super-intensive plantings, however, raises serious environmental and social concerns, mainly because of the small number of cultivars that are currently used (basically 2), compared to over 100 cultivars today cultivated on a large scale across the world. Olive growing, indeed, insists on over 11 million hectares. Despite its being located mostly in the Mediterranean countries, the numerous olive growing districts are characterized by deep differences in climate and soil and in the frequency and nature of environmental stress. To date, the olive has coped with biotic and abiotic stress thanks to the great cultivar diversity. Pending that new technologies supporting plant breeding will provide a wider number of cultivars suitable for super-intensive systems, in the short term, new growing models must be developed. New olive orchards will need to exploit cultivars currently present in various olive-growing areas and favor increasing productions that are environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable. As in fruit growing, we should focus on “pedestrian olive orchards”, based on trees with small canopies and whose top can be easily reached by people from the ground and by machines (from the side of the top) that can carry out, in a targeted way, pesticide treatments, pruning and harvesting.

Challenges for India’s Agriculture: Towards a New Green Revolution?

2021 ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ellina P. Shavlay
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Primary Sector ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gradual Introduction

Agriculture continues to be one of the most significant sectors of India's economy today. The country is successfully performing in a wide range of primary sector fields, gradually increasing its export potential. However, the first green revolution caused significant damage to the country's resources, as a result of which, in the post-bipolar period, the state began to take actions aimed at changing the established practices of the last century. However, the second revolution, which began in the 1990s, did not solve all the difficulties. In this regard, the author's goal is to analyze the existing key problems of the primary sector and consider possible answers to them in the field of innovative technologies. The author comes to the conclusion that it is the digitalization of agricultural activities that could qualitatively increase the level of income of the population and the efficiency of the primary sector both in the domestic and foreign markets. At the same time, the introduction of new technologies is impossible without changing the institutional environment and work on socio-cultural factors that have a substantial negative impact not only on India's agriculture, but on all socio-economic processes in general, and therefore New Delhi will need to take comprehensive measures on a large scale rather than limit oneself to the primary economic sector. The Indian government has to carry out a comprehensive reform of its economy, otherwise there is a great threat of undermining social stability. The gradual introduction of innovative solutions and digitalization of agriculture will have a relatively quick, visible, but at the same time sustainable effect.

PP136 How To Apply Health Technology Assessment To Large Scale e-Health Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
Gro-Hilde Severinsen ◽  
Line Silsand ◽  
Anne Ekeland
Keyword(s):  
Health Technology Assessment ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Health Region ◽  
Wide Range

IntroductionThere are enormous expectations for e-health solutions to support high quality healthcare services, with accessibility, and effectiveness as key goals. E-health encompasses a wide range of information and communication technologies applied to health care, and focuses on combining clinical activity, technical development, and political requirements. Hence, e-health solutions must be evaluated in relation to the desired goals, to justify the high costs of such solutions.MethodsHealth technology assessment (HTA) aims to produce rational decisions for purchasing new technologies and evaluating healthcare investments, like drugs and medical equipment, by measuring added value in relation to clinical effectiveness, safety, and cost effectiveness. It is desired to also apply HTA assessment on large scale e-health solutions, but traditional quantitative HTA methodology may not be applicable to complex e-health systems developed and implemented as ongoing processes over years. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these processes risk being outdated when published, therefore action research designed to work with complex, large scale programs may be a more suitable approach.ResultsIn the project, we followed the development of a new process-oriented electronic patient record system (EPR) in northern Norway. Part of the process was structuring clinical data to be used in electronic forms within the system. This was the first time a health region structured the clinical data and designed the forms; receiving feedback alongside the process was very important. The goal was to use structured forms as a basis for reusing EPR data within and between systems, and to enable clinical decision support.DiscussionAfter designing a prototype of a structured form, we wrote an assessment report focusing on designing a methodology for such development, which stakeholders to include, and how to divide the work between the health region and the system vendor. The answers to such questions will have both practical and economic consequences for designing the next phase of the process.

Digital grotesque: Towards a micro-tectonic architecture

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201
Author(s):  
Michael Hansmeyer ◽  
Benjamin Dillenburger
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
Specific Experiment

Computational design allows for architecture with an extraordinary degree of topographical and topological complexity. Limitations of traditional CNC technologies have until recently precluded this architecture from being fabricated. While additive manufacturing has made it possible to materialize these complex forms, this has occurred only at a very small scale. In trying to apply additive manufacturing to the construction of full-scale architecture, one encounters a dilemma: existing large-scale 3D printing methods can only print highly simplified shapes with rough details, while existing high-resolution technologies have limited print spaces, high costs, or material attributes that preclude a structural use. This paper provides a brief background on additive manufacturing technology and presents recent developments in sand-printing technology that overcome current 3D printing restrictions. It then presents a specific experiment, Digital Grotesque project, which is the first application of 3D sand-printing technology at an architecture scale. It describes how this project attempts to exploit the potentials of these new technologies.

scholarly journals Robotization in healthcare: legal perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima V. Tsomartova
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Medical Robots ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction. The development and application of medical robotics, medical robotic devices, automated technical systems in the field of health care are already quite successful and have great potential. Such large-scale technological changes inevitably actualize the social roles of law, that should properly settle, protect and guide the development of nascent social relations, which until recently occurred everywhere in a kind of regulatory vacuum. Material and methods. The methodological basis of the study included general scientific methods (dialectical, logical, systemic, historical, sociological, statistical) and private scientific methods of legal science (formal-legal, historical-legal and comparative-legal). The empirical basis of the study was Russian and foreign regulatory legal acts and law enforcement practice, as well as legal doctrine. Results. Based on the comparative legal study a legal definition of the medical robots and various options for their classification, among them a special one, including surgical robots, robots used in restorative medicine, rehabilitation of immobilized patients, nursing and care robots, have been developed. Cyborgs are biological organisms containing mechanical or electronic components are allocated to a special group. Legal mechanisms for ensuring security and cybersecurity in this area are highlighted. The necessity of more flexible legal regulation of personal data concerning the health of citizens and medical confidentiality under new technological conditions is justified. Discussion. Legal regulation of the medical robots should be of a staged nature. General norms of sectoral significance can be formulated at later stages. At the moment, it is more rational to direct efforts to determine the legal regime of certain types of created artificial intelligence systems in the healthcare sector. Conclusion. The legal concept of robotics in healthcare should take a significant place in a wide range of scientific studies of the development of new technologies for the benefit, not to the detriment, of a person.

scholarly journals Digitization of Welding Processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angshuman Kapil ◽  
Syed Quadir ◽  
Abhay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Process Monitoring ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Welding Current ◽  
Suitable Candidate ◽  
Monitoring Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Welding Processes ◽  
Integrating Process ◽  
Unique Capability

Welding processes offer a unique capability with a wide range of applications in industries. In recent times, welding has established itself as a tool for large scale additive manufacturing. In general, the quality and repeatability assurance for welding and specifically for additive manufacturing necessitates integrating process monitoring techniques with existing welding and additive manufacturing processes. The process-specific signals such as welding current fluctuations, temperature, and acoustic, generated during the welding operations, make them a suitable candidate for digitization. This chapter comprehensively describes the process monitoring techniques relevant to welding and additive manufacturing. Firstly, various sensors used during welding are described for their construction and working. Subsequently, specific applications of the sensors in digitizing the welding processes are presented.

47 COMPARISON BETWEEN CRYOLOOP AND OPEN PULLED STRAW VITRIFICATION METHODS FOR BOS INDICUS BLASTOCYSTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Herrera-Puerta ◽  
N. Chavarria ◽  
R. Urrego ◽  
N. Rodriguez-Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hatching Rates

A major obstacle of large-scale commercial application of bovine in vitro fertilization is the lack of a suitable cryopreservation method for supernumerary embryos produced. The traditional slow-freezing method has proven to be effective for embryos of a wide range of mammalian species; however, the formation of intracellular ice is still a challenge and the efficiency needs to be improved. Over the past decade, several advances have taken place in vitrification technologies, such that it can provide high efficiency with better pregnancy outcome due to its high cooling rates and the lack of crystals formed inside the cells. Most vitrification methods have been evaluated in Bos taurus cattle but more still remains to be investigated in Bos indicus races predominant in the tropics. There are several vitrification protocols and holders, including CryoLoop, open pulled straw (OPS), MS Grids, and Cryotop, among others. The CryoLoop method uses a nylon loop attached to a metal Cryovial lid were blastocysts are placed on an equilibration solution film. CryoLoop cooling rates are approximately 20.000°C min–1 and have shown very good results in humans. The OPS is a well-known support for bovine blastocysts; the embryos are taken by capillarity into the OPS and use a 1- to 2-μL drop of final equilibration solution. Cooling rates using this method are approximately 2.000°C min–1. The aim of this work was to prove CryoLoop and OPS vitrification methods in Bos indicus blastocyst and compare re-expansion and hatching rates 24 h after warming. Ovaries were collected from a local slaughterhouse and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were treated for the standard IVF method. A total of 60 blastocysts were vitrified in CryoLoops and 68 blastocysts in OPS (within 4 repeats). For CryoLoops, groups of 2 blastocysts were placed in a solution of 7.5% ethylene glycol (EG) and 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 3 min, and then were placed in a solution of 15% EG, 15% DMSO, 10 mg mL–1 of Ficoll 70, and 0.65 M sucrose for 20 s, and rapidly were put into the nylon loop and taken to the LN. For OPS, groups of 2 to 3 blastocysts were placed in a solution of 10% EG and 10% DMSO for 1 min, and then were placed in a solution of 20% EG and 20% DMSO for 20 s, and rapidly were taken by capillarity into the OPS and taken to the LN. Thawing was the same for both treatments; vitrified blastocysts were taken out from the LN and rapidly put into a solution of 0.3 M sucrose for 2 min and then put into a solution of 0.2 M sucrose for 3 min, were washed twice in TCM199 supplemented with 10% FCS, and cultured for 24 h in CR1aa media. Data were analysed using the R language. Media comparison for proportions was done using a chi-squared test. No significant difference was observed in re-expansion or hatching rates between CryoLoop and OPS supports (P = 0.01 for both); however, the CryoLoop method showed more efficiency than OPS in re-expansion rate (65 v. 44.4%, respectively) and hatching rate (30.8 v. 20%, respectively). In all cases, the CryoLoop method showed much better outcomes. The results indicate that vitrification in CryoLoops is a suitable method for cryopreservation of Bos indicus blastocysts.

scholarly journals Financing Growth: New Issues by Australian Firms, 1920–1939

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Merrett ◽  
Simon Ville
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Retained Earnings ◽  
Local Stock

An expanding economy, new technologies, and changing consumer preferences provided growth opportunities for firms in interwar Australia. This period saw an increase in the number of large-scale firms in mining, manufacturing, and a wide range of service industries. Firms unable to rely solely on retained earnings to fund expansion turned to the domestic stock exchanges. A new data set of capital raisings constructed from reports of prospectuses published in the financial press forms the basis for the conclusion that many firms used substantial injections of equity finance to augment internally generated sources of funds. That they were able to do so indicates a strong increase in the capacity of local stock exchanges and a greater willingness of individuals to hold part of their wealthin transferable securities.

Taking Measure of the UN's Legacy at Seventy-Five

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295
Author(s):  
David M. Malone ◽  
Adam Day
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
New Ideas

AbstractOver the past seventy-five years, the UN has evolved significantly, often in response to geopolitical dynamics and new waves of thinking. In some respects, the UN has registered remarkable achievements, stimulating a wide range of multilateral treaties, promoting significant growth of human rights, and at times playing a central role in containing and preventing large-scale armed conflict. As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay argues that the organization has been the most impactful in three areas: producing, shaping, and driving key ideas, particularly on development and rights; generating such effective operational agencies as UNICEF and the World Food Program; and, especially in the immediate post–Cold War period, addressing major conflict risks through the Security Council. Since then, however, the UN has struggled to meet emerging challenges on many fronts and been increasingly hampered by internal ossification and institutional sprawl as well as internecine dysfunction. The twenty-first century has confronted the UN with further challenges relating most notably to climate change; to risks arising from new technologies; and to the increasingly fraught relationships between China, Russia, and the United States. If the past seventy-five years can offer one lesson, it is that new thinking and new ideas will need to drive the organization to evolve still further and faster, or else risk irrelevance.

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing: Application Perspectives in Small and Medium Enterprises

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjam Beltrami ◽  
Guido Orzes
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Manufacturing Plants ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Changes in customer expectations, markets and organisations are creating an increasing need for customised products and calling for reactive supply chains. New technologies might help organisations to deal with these challenges in a flexible and cost-effective way. One of these technologies is Additive Manufacturing (AM). The object of this paper is to outline the potential of AM in production, to identify possible supply chain developments and to determine the role that SMEs might play in this scenario. In detail, we pose the question whether AM might lead to geographically dispersed manufacturing plants and might replace physical material flow with information flow and how SMEs can act in this development process. Based on an exploratory literature review, we highlight the market requirements addressed by AM, the supply chain characteristics for AM and the role of SMEs. Implementing AM can cause shifts in the decoupling point as well as changes in the global supply chain configuration (relocation of production closer to the final customer). We then conduct some expert interviews, which confirm some of the results of the literature review, but emphasise that AM will not replace conventional manufacturing processes on a large scale, at least in the medium term.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document